Effects of stimulus contingency in infant-adult interactions
Effects of stimulus contingency in infant-adult interactions
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DOI：
10.1016/s0163-6383(96)90043-0
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发表时间：
1996-01-01
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
Muir, DW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hains, SMJ;Muir, DW
在Murray和Trevarten(1985)之后，有两个实验使用电视回放程序操纵成人面对面展示的偶然方面，以检验婴儿社交互动的社会释放者和社会期望模型。在实验1中，5个月大的婴儿和他们的母亲通过闭路电视观看彼此的互动。其中一组婴儿(n=14)观看了母亲在90-S期间的行为回放，中间插入了两个正常的90-S互动时段；对照组(n=14)在所有三个时段都接受了正常互动。没有得到群体差异，这可以用任何一种模型来解释。在实验2中，一个陌生人与婴儿互动，以消除母亲的熟悉感作为一个因素。在三个2分钟的时间里，4到6个月大的婴儿(n=32)以四种不同的顺序之一被呈现给现场直播、电视直播和电视非突发面对面互动。婴儿看电视的非偶然性比现场直播或电视偶然性显示的少，而且有证据表明非偶然性对凝视有长期影响。他们同样关注这两场临时表演，但更多的是为了直播而笑，而不是对电视转播的表演。顺序效应表明，微笑取决于当前和之前互动的性质。这些结果比社会释放者模型所预测的要复杂得多。总而言之，这两项研究的结果表明，婴儿根据过去的经验形成了对互动的期望(在实验1中，与母亲互动的长期经验，在实验2中，与陌生人互动的初始阶段)。违反这些期待似乎会对视觉注意力产生持久的影响，但对微笑只会产生暂时的影响。
Two experiments manipulated contingent aspects of adult face-to-face displays using a TV-replay procedure, after Murray and Trevarthen (1985), to examine social-releaser and social-expectancy models of infant social interaction. In Experiment 1, 5-month-olds and their mothers interacted by viewing each other over closed-circuit television. One group of infants (n = 14) viewed a replay of the mothers' behavior during a 90-s period, interposed between two normal 90-s interaction periods; a control group (n = 14) received normal interactions during ail three periods. No group differences were obtained, which could be explained by either model. In Experiment 2, a stranger interacted with the infants to eliminate maternal familiarity as a factor. During three 2-min periods, 4- to 6-month-olds (n = 32) were presented with live-contingent, televised-contingent, and televised-noncontingent face-to-face interactions in one of four different orders. Infants gazed less at TV-noncontingent than either live- or TV-contingent displays, and there was evidence that noncontingency had a long-lasting effect on gaze. They were equally attentive to both contingent displays, but smiled more to live than to televised displays. An order effect revealed that smiling depended on the nature of both the current and prior interaction. These results are more complex than would be predicted by the social-releaser model. Taken together, the results of the two studies show evidence that infants form expectancies about interactions based on past experience (in Experiment 1, long-term experience interacting with the mother, and in Experiment 2, the initial period of interaction with the stranger). Violations of these expectancies appear to have a lasting effect on visual attention, but only a temporary effect on smiling.