Standards for Soil Biodegradable Plastics
Standards for Soil Biodegradable Plastics
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-662-54130-2_6
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发表时间：
2017-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Degli Innocenti, Francesco
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Briassoulis, Demetres;Degli Innocenti, Francesco
土壤中塑料生物降解的主要标准测试方法（ISO 17556、ASTM D5988、NF U52-001 和 UNI 11462）确定标准化条件下的生物降解速率。标准测试程序旨在确定塑料在最佳受控条件下在土壤中的固有生物降解性，这可能不一定代表任何特定的环境条件，但可确保可重复性。标准测试方法定义的标准化条件在几个方面有所不同。提出了比较分析。除了生物降解测试方法外，还需要定义通过水平和时间范围，以确定生物基产品在土壤条件下是否能充分生物降解。目前还没有欧洲或国际规范定义土壤中生物基产品的生物降解标准。农业和园艺所用材料的生物降解标准仅在标准规范 NF U52-001 和 UNI 11462 以及环境安全标准中定义。然而，法国规范中并未强制要求评估土壤中的生物降解性。对地膜的主要要求是：（1）24个月内生物降解率至少90%； (2)材料不得含有重金属，无生态毒理作用。美国农业部农业局国家有机计划 (NOP) 对有机作物生产的地膜也采用了相同的要求。本章对现有相关测试方法和新发展的约束、差距和局限性进行了识别和分析。分析了土壤可生物降解塑料标准和标签方面的功能障碍。
The main standard test methods for biodegradation of plastics in soil (ISO 17556, ASTM D5988, NF U52-001 and UNI 11462) determine the rate of biodegradation under normalized conditions. The standard testing procedures are designed to determine the inherent biodegradability of plastics in soil under optimal controlled conditions that may not be necessarily representative of any specific environmental conditions but they ensure repeatability. The normalized conditions defined by the standard test methods differ in several aspects. A comparative analysis is presented. Besides the biodegradation test methods, pass levels and a time frame also need to be defined in order to determine whether bio-based products will biodegrade sufficiently under soil conditions. There is currently no European or international specification that defines criteria for biodegradation of bio-based products in soil. Criteria for biodegradation of materials used in agriculture and horticulture are only defined in standard specifications NF U52-001 and UNI 11462, together with criteria for environmental safety. However, the evaluation of the biodegradation in soil is not obligatory in the French specification. The main requirements for mulching films are: (1) biodegradation at least 90% within 24 months; (2) material shall not contain heavy metal, no ecotoxicological effects. The same requirements have been adopted by the USDA-AMS National Organic Program (NOP) for mulching films allowed for organic crop production. The constraints, gaps, and limitations of existing relevant testing methods and the new developments are identified and analyzed in this chapter. Functional barriers with respect to standards and labeling for soil biodegradable plastics are analyzed.