MYCOTOXINS AND REPRODUCTION IN DOMESTIC LIVESTOCK
MYCOTOXINS AND REPRODUCTION IN DOMESTIC LIVESTOCK
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DOI：
10.2527/1992.7051615x
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发表时间：
1992-05-01
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
GREEN, ML
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
DIEKMAN, MA;GREEN, ML
霉菌是牲畜饲料中普遍存在的寄生植物。尽管霉菌本身会降低谷物的质量，但它们合成的称为霉菌毒素的化学物质给畜牧业造成了最大的经济损失。在北美，损害生长和繁殖效率的五种主要霉菌毒素是黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、赭曲霉毒素和麦角。黄曲霉毒素由黄曲霉和寄生曲霉产生。猪食用含有黄曲霉毒素的谷物会降低采食量和生长，从而间接影响繁殖。在猪中，黄曲霉毒素会损害肝脏和肾脏功能，延迟血液凝固，增加瘀伤的易感性，并干扰细胞体液免疫系统。反刍动物对黄曲霉毒素中毒具有相对抵抗力，但为了人类安全，对奶牛牛奶中黄曲霉毒素的存在进行了密切监测。根据环境条件，粉红镰刀菌可以产生玉米赤霉烯酮或脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇。交配后第 7 至 10 天似乎是玉米赤霉烯酮对早期胚胎发育发挥有害作用的关键妊娠期。猪饲料中存在脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇会降低采食量，导致拒食，并引起偶尔的呕吐。几种青霉属和曲霉属会产生赭曲霉毒素，这是一种导致肾组织坏死的霉菌毒素。麦角菌在小麦上产生的麦角生物碱会导致繁殖问题，并与猪泌乳失败有关。已经开发出多种方法来去除受感染饲料中的霉菌毒素。实验室的化学分析以及适合在电梯或农场使用的诊断试剂盒可以成功地用于识别可疑饲料中存在哪些霉菌毒素。
Molds are parasitic plants that are ubiquitous in livestock feedstuffs. Even though molds themselves reduce the quality of grains, their synthesis of chemical substances termed mycotoxins causes the greatest monetary loss to the animal industry. Five major mycotoxins that impair growth and reproductive efficiency in North America are aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin, and ergot. Aflatoxins are produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Consumption of grains containing aflatoxins by swine affects reproduction indirectly by reducing feed intake and growth. In swine, aflatoxins impair liver and kidney function, delay blood clotting, increase susceptibility to bruising, and interfere with cellular humoral immune systems. Ruminants are comparatively resistant to aflatoxicosis, but presence of aflatoxins in milk of dairy cows is closely monitored for human safety. Depending on environmental conditions, Fusarium roseum can produce either zearalenone or deoxynivalenol. Days 7 to 10 postmating seem to be a critical period of gestation for zearalenone to exert its detrimental actions on early embryonic development. Presence of deoxynivalenol in swine feedstuffs decreases feed intake, causes feed refusal, and induces occasional vomiting. Several species of Penicillium and Aspergillus produce ochratoxin, a mycotoxin that causes necrosis of kidney tissue. Ergot alkaloids produced by Claviceps purpurea on wheat can cause reproductive problems and are associated with lactational failure in swine. Various methods have been developed to remove mycotoxins from infected feedstuffs. Chemical analyses in laboratories as well as diagnostic kits suitable for use at the elevator or farm can be used successfully to identify which mycotoxins are present in suspect feedstuffs.