Agricultural insecticides threaten surface waters at the global scale
Agricultural insecticides threaten surface waters at the global scale
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1500232112
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发表时间：
2015-05-05
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Schulz, Ralf
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Stehle, Sebastian;Schulz, Ralf
与营养水平和生境退化相比，由于缺乏全面的定量分析，农业农药在地表水中的重要性可能被低估了。农药污染的增加导致区域水生生物多样性的减少，即当农药浓度达到法律认可的监管阈值水平时，大型无脊椎动物科的丰富度减少了约30%。本研究对838项同行评议研究（73个国家2500个地点）进行了全面的荟萃分析，据我们所知，这些研究首次在全球范围内评估了地表水暴露于特别有毒的农业杀虫剂的情况。我们测试了测量的杀虫剂浓度（mic，即量化杀虫剂浓度）是否超过了它们的rtl，以及风险如何取决于杀虫剂随着时间的推移而发展和环境监管的严格程度。我们的分析表明，中等收入国家很少发生（即，估计97.4%的分析没有发现中等收入国家），而且全球90%的农田完全缺乏科学监测数据。最重要的是，在11,300个MICs中，52.4%（5,915例，68.5%的站点）的地表水或沉积物超过了RTLSW。因此，全球水资源的生物完整性面临重大风险。污染物超标情况视乎集水区大小、抽样制度及抽样日期而定；新一代杀虫剂（即拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂）的比例要高得多；即使在环境法规严格的国家，这一比例也很高。这些结果表明，需要在世界范围内改进目前的农药法规和农业农药应用实践，并加强对农药在现实条件下的存在和影响的研究。
Compared with nutrient levels and habitat degradation, the importance of agricultural pesticides in surface water may have been underestimated due to a lack of comprehensive quantitative analysis. Increasing pesticide contamination results in decreasing regional aquatic biodiversity, i.e., macroinvertebrate family richness is reduced by similar to 30% at pesticide concentrations equaling the legally accepted regulatory threshold levels (RTLs). This study provides a comprehensive metaanalysis of 838 peer-reviewed studies (>2,500 sites in 73 countries) that evaluates, for the first time to our knowledge on a global scale, the exposure of surface waters to particularly toxic agricultural insecticides. We tested whether measured insecticide concentrations (MICs; i.e., quantified insecticide concentrations) exceed their RTLs and how risks depend on insecticide development over time and stringency of environmental regulation. Our analysis reveals that MICs occur rarely (i.e., an estimated 97.4% of analyses conducted found no MICs) and there is a complete lack of scientific monitoring data for similar to 90% of global cropland. Most importantly, of the 11,300 MICs, 52.4% (5,915 cases; 68.5% of the sites) exceeded the RTL for either surface water (RTLSW) or sediments. Thus, the biological integrity of global water resources is at a substantial risk. RTLSW exceedances depend on the catchment size, sampling regime, and sampling date; are significantly higher for newer-generation insecticides (i.e., pyrethroids); and are high even in countries with stringent environmental regulations. These results suggest the need for worldwide improvements to current pesticide regulations and agricultural pesticide application practices and for intensified research efforts on the presence and effects of pesticides under real-world conditions.