Spatial Analysis and Lead-Risk Assessment of Philadelphia, USA.
Spatial Analysis and Lead-Risk Assessment of Philadelphia, USA.
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DOI：
10.1029/2021gh000519
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发表时间：
2022-03
期刊：
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Gieré R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Caballero-Gómez H;White HK;O'Shea MJ;Pepino R;Howarth M;Gieré R
儿童铅中毒是一个持续困扰美国主要城市的问题。尽管费城公共卫生部努力减少系统性儿童铅中毒，但儿童的血铅水平仍然升高。儿童血铅水平持续升高令人担忧，因为铅中毒与学业成绩和智商下降有关，并对整个社区产生相关影响。本文报告了费城西部和北部含铅油漆房屋（即 1978 年之前）的空间分布、拆除情况以及历史冶炼厂的发生情况，并与血铅水平升高的数据相关的分析结果，以确定哪些铅源是主要的铅风险因素。研究发现，费城儿童的血铅水平与房屋中含铅油漆的存在以及旧房屋的拆除数量有最高的相关性。利用含铅油漆、违反住房法规、拆除和自住住房等含铅风险因素，在人口普查区层面进行了铅风险评估，以确定费城未来的土壤采样点和高风险社区。这些铅暴露高风险地点，特别是人口普查区 175 和 172，应优先考虑采取铅中毒预防措施。在住房拥有率较高的地区，自住单位可以作为儿童铅中毒的铅风险指标 旧住房的拆除和含铅油漆是费城儿童铅中毒的关键铅源排放 费城北部土壤，尤其是历史悠久的冶炼厂周围的开放土地，采样率严重不足
Childhood lead poisoning is an issue that continues to plague major U.S. cities. Despite efforts by the Philadelphia Department of Public Health to curtail systemic childhood lead poisoning, children continue to be identified with elevated blood lead levels. The persistence of elevated blood lead levels in children is concerning because lead poisoning has been linked to decreases in academic achievement and IQ, with associated repercussions for entire communities. This paper reports the results of an analysis of the spatial distribution of houses with lead paint (i.e., pre‐1978), demolitions, and occurrence of historic smelters, in West and North Philadelphia, relative to elevated blood lead level data, to determine which lead sources act as primary lead‐risk factors. The presence of lead paint in homes and the number of demolitions of older properties were found to have the highest correlations to elevated blood lead levels for children in Philadelphia. Using lead‐risk factors including lead paint, housing code violations, demolitions, and owner‐occupied housing units, a lead‐risk assessment was performed at the census tract level to identify future soil sampling sites and high‐risk neighborhoods in Philadelphia. These sites of high risk for lead exposure, and in particular the census tracts 175 and 172, should be prioritized for lead poisoning prevention initiatives. In areas with high homeownership, owner‐occupied units can serve as lead‐risk indicators for childhood lead poisoning Demolitions and lead paint of older housing are critical lead‐source emissions for childhood lead poisoning in Philadelphia North Philadelphia soils, and especially open‐land around historic smelters, are highly undersampled