Japan's oil diplomacy: Tatemae and honne
Japan's oil diplomacy: Tatemae and honne
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日本的石油外交：立前和本内
DOI：
10.1080/01436598908420140
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发表时间：
1989
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
K. Ampiah
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
W. Nester;K. Ampiah
日本80.9%的能源需求依赖外国来源，其中大部分来自中东。波斯湾的石油供应了日本约60%的能源需求，而总的来说，70%的能源来自中东。没有哪个国家从波斯湾进口的石油比日本多; 1987年，通过霍尔木兹海峡的石油有一半直接进入日本。在任何时候都有大约20艘日本拥有或经营的油轮在海湾;平均每天有5艘通过霍尔木兹。[1] 1973年末至1974年，石油输出国组织（OPEC）将石油价格提高了四倍，阿拉伯石油输出国组织（OAPEC）实施了石油禁运，日本对中东的能源依赖变得非常明显。日本的结果是两位数的通货膨胀和自1964年以来的首次贸易赤字。1979年石油输出国组织（OPEC）将石油价格进一步提高了一倍，以及最近对波斯湾中立国船只的袭击--1987年至少有七艘日本油轮遭到袭击--凸显了日本能源需求对中东政治的脆弱性。日本对中东的政策可以用两个日语词来解释：tatemae和honne。馆前是理想主义修辞和象征性行动的面具，人们用它来隐藏真实的情感和行动。在原则上，东京对1973年禁运的回应是放弃其在阿以冲突中的中立立场，站在巴勒斯坦人一边，同时开始实施积极的政策，使其外国石油来源多样化。实际上，日本的中东政策只是被动地改变了;从联合国投票、对外援助和公开声明等措施来看，自1973年以来没有太大变化。同样，在同一时期，东京的多样化方案使日本对中东石油的依赖从75%减少到仅70%，而日本对中东的出口占其出口总额的百分比从1970年代中期的约5%增加到目前的约12%。2
Japan is dependent on foreign sources for 80.9 per cent of its energy needs, and most of that comes from the Middle East. Persian Gulf oil supplies about 60 per cent of Japan's energy needs while a total of 70 per cent comes from the Middle East in general. No country imports more oil from the Persian Gulf than Japan; in 1987 half the oil that passed through the Strait of Hormuz went directly to Japan. At any one time there are about twenty Japanese owned or operated tankers in the Gulf; five pass through Hormuz on an average day. 1 Japan's energy dependence on the Middle East became dramatically apparent during the quadrupling of oil prices byOPEC and the oil embargo imposed by the Organisation of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) during late 1973 and 1974. The result for Japan was double-digit inflation and its first trade deficit since 1964. The further doubling of oil prices byOPEC in 1979, and the recent attacks on neutral shipping in the Persian Gulf—at least seven Japanese oil tankers were attacked in 1987—underline the vulnerability of Japan's energy needs to Middle East politics.Japan's policy towards the Middle East can be explained by two Japanese words: tatemae andhonne. Tatemaeis the mask of idealistic rhetoric and symbolic actions with which one hides honne—one's true feelings and actions. In principle {tatemae), Tokyo responded to the 1973 embargo by abandoning its neutral position in the Arab-Israeli conflict to side with the Palestinians, while embarking on an active policy of diversifying its foreign oil sources. In reality {honne), Japan's Middle East policy has shifted only rhetorically; in terms of such measures as UN votes, foreign aid, and public statements not much has changed since before 1973. Likewise, in the same period, Tokyo's diversification programme has diminished Japanese dependence on Middle East oil from 75 per cent to 70 per cent only, while Japanese exports to the Middle East as a percentage of its total exports have risen from about 5 per cent in the mid-1970s to about 12 per cent at present. 2