SIGNALING PATHWAYS THAT REGULATE LIFE AND CELL DEATH: Evolution of Apoptosis in the Context of Self-Defense
SIGNALING PATHWAYS THAT REGULATE LIFE AND CELL DEATH: Evolution of Apoptosis in the Context of Self-Defense
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DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4614-1680-7_8
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发表时间：
2012-01-01
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影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Munoz-Pinedo, Cristina
中科院分区：
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作者：
Munoz-Pinedo, Cristina
程序性细胞死亡是许多生物体生命周期的关键。多细胞生物体中的细胞死亡可以作为大规模损伤（坏死）的结果发生，也可以通过参与不同的生化程序以受控的形式发生。程序性细胞死亡的最著名形式是细胞凋亡。细胞凋亡在动物体内是应激和社会信号等多种刺激的结果，在形态发生和免疫防御中起着重要作用。细胞凋亡机制在动物中是非常保守的，它由半胱天冬酶（执行细胞死亡的蛋白酶）、衔接蛋白（半胱天冬酶激活剂）、Bcl-2家族蛋白和凋亡蛋白抑制剂（IAP）组成。我们将在本章中描述动物的主要凋亡途径：外在（死亡受体介导的），内在/线粒体和颗粒酶B途径。其他形式的非凋亡的程序性细胞死亡发生在动物也将讨论。我们将总结目前对其他生物体如植物和原生生物中的类凋亡和其他形式的细胞死亡的认识。此外，我们将讨论细胞凋亡起源于宿主防御机制的一部分的假设。我们将探讨介导细胞凋亡的蛋白质复合物（凋亡小体）和参与免疫的复合物（炎性小体）之间的相似性。与免疫功能相关的凋亡蛋白的其他功能将被总结，以努力探索细胞死亡的进化起源。
Programmed Cell Death is essential for the life cycle of many organisms. Cell death in multicellular organisms can occur as a consequence of massive damage (necrosis) or in a controlled form, through engagement of diverse biochemical programs. The best well known form of programmed cell death is apoptosis. Apoptosis occurs in animals as a consequence of a variety of stimuli including stress and social signals and it plays essential roles in morphogenesis and immune defense. The machinery of apoptosis is well conserved among animals and it is composed of caspases (the proteases which execute cell death), adapter proteins (caspase activators), Bcl-2 family proteins and Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs). We will describe in this chapter the main apoptotic pathways in animals: the extrinsic (death receptor-mediated), the intrinsic/mitochondrial and the Granzyme B pathway. Other forms of non-apoptotic Programmed Cell Death which occur in animals will also be discussed. We will summarize the current knowledge about apoptotic-like and other forms of cell death in other organisms such as plants and protists.Additionally, we will discuss the hypothesis that apoptosis originated as part of a host defense mechanism. We will explore the similarities between the protein complexes which mediate apoptosis (apoptosomes) and complexes involved in immunity: inflammasomes. Additional functions of apoptotic proteins related to immune function will be summarized, in an effort to explore the evolutionary origins of cell death.