Cooperation improves the access of wild boars (Sus scrofa) to food sources
Cooperation improves the access of wild boars (Sus scrofa) to food sources
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DOI：
10.1016/j.beproc.2015.10.019
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发表时间：
2015-12-01
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
Genov, P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Focardi, S.;Morimando, F.;Genov, P.
野猪是一种高度多毛的有蹄类动物，其特点是基于母亲和女儿之间长期联系的复杂和动态的社会组织。这种社会组织的根源必须在个人层面上进行研究，考虑在恶劣环境中提高适应性的适应性。我们使用的信息收集的相机陷阱在人工饲养场所，在两个对比鲜明的环境中，在保加利亚（山区栖息地）和意大利（亚地中海栖息地）。在保加利亚和意大利的7个和11个觅食地点，我们分别记录了417和885个不同的群体。我们计算（控制的时间范围，研究区域和补充饲料网站）的有效觅食时间的不同社会群体的指数。我们观察到一个积极的和显着的影响，同种的数量相同的社会群体的有效觅食时间。其他社会阶层对有效觅食时间的影响也是积极的，男性，一岁，少年受益更多的其他社会阶层的存在，而女性受到的影响较小。不同的社会群体进入觅食地并不是随机的。雄性和一岁鸽扮演生产者（即，寻找食物），并且倾向于在成年雌性和亚成体之前到达觅食地点，因此相对于其他群体已经出现在觅食地点的情况，获得更大的觅食效率。野猪的社会组织比以前认为的要复杂得多，在那里，合作在很大程度上压倒了竞争。一个粗略的劳动分工也存在：一岁的，男性和青少年用来扮演生产者和承担大量的风险，由捕食者或猎人的存在决定。(C)2015爱思唯尔B.V.保留所有权利。
Wild boar is a highly polycotous ungulate species, characterized by a complex and dynamical social organization based on the maintenance of long-term bonds between mother and daughters. The roots of this social organization have to be researched at the individual level, considering adaptations that improve fitness in hostile environments. We used information collected by camera-traps at artificial feeding sites, in two contrasting environments in Bulgaria (mountain habitat) and Italy (sub-Mediterranean habitat). We recorded 417 and 885 distinct groups on 7 and 11 foraging sites in Bulgaria and Italy, respectively. We computed (controlling for time range, study area and supplementary feeding site) an index of effective foraging time of the different social groups. We observed a positive and significant effect of the number of conspecifics of the same social group on the effective foraging time. The impact of the other social classes on effective foraging time is also positive, and males, yearlings, and juveniles benefited more from the presence of other social classes, while females were less affected. The access of the different social groups to foraging sites is not random. Males and yearlings play producers (i.e., search for food) and are prone to attend foraging sites before adult females and subadults, so attaining a larger foraging efficiency with respect to a situation where other groups are already present on the feeding site. Wild boars exhibit a more complex social organisation than previously believed, where cooperation prevails largely on competition. A rough division of labour is also present: yearlings, males, and juveniles use to play producers and assume a significant amount of risk determined by the presence of predators or hunters. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.