The Social Risks of Science
The Social Risks of Science
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科学的社会风险
DOI：
10.1002/hast.1196
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发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Tanona, Scott
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Herington, Jonathan;Tanona, Scott
科学研究的许多实例不仅给参与者和科学家，而且给第三方带来风险。这类社会风险综合了一系列以前被视为不同现象的问题，包括所谓的旁观者风险，功能获得研究引起的生物安全问题，滥用双重用途研究结果，以及诱导风险造成的伤害。解决这些问题的标准方法是从人类受试者研究法规中扩展两个熟悉的原则-有利的风险-收益比和知情同意。然而，我们认为，这些道德原则将很难满足广泛分布的社会风险的背景下，受影响的各方可能会合理地不同意。我们认为，将这些风险视为政治问题而非道德问题可能会提供另一种方式。通过借鉴政治哲学的经验教训，我们提出了一个框架，统一我们的社会风险和可能的解决方案的讨论。
Many instances of scientific research impose risks, not just on participants and scientists but also on third parties. This class ofsocial risksunifies a range of problems previously treated as distinct phenomena, including so‐called bystander risks, biosafety concerns arising from gain‐of‐function research, the misuse of the results of dual‐use research, and the harm caused by inductive risks. The standard approach to these problems has been to extend two familiar principles from human subjects research regulations—a favorable risk‐benefit ratio and informed consent. We argue, however, that these moral principles will be difficult to satisfy in the context of widely distributed social risks about which affected parties may reasonably disagree. We propose that framing these risks as political rather than moral problems may offer another way. By borrowing lessons from political philosophy, we propose a framework that unifies our discussion of social risks and the possible solutions to them.