On the Automatic Implementation of the Eye Involuntary Reflexes Measurements Involved in the Detection of Human Liveness and Impaired Faculties
On the Automatic Implementation of the Eye Involuntary Reflexes Measurements Involved in the Detection of Human Liveness and Impaired Faculties
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人类生命和功能障碍检测中眼睛不自主反射测量的自动实现
DOI：
10.5772/7054
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
F. Meunier
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
F. Meunier
直到今天，尽管开展了积极的宣传活动，但由于消费酒精和大麻等法律的/非法药物而导致的驾驶障碍仍然是道路伤亡的主要原因。为了检测这些障碍，警察人员首先依靠一系列运动协调测试（标准现场清醒测试：SFST），这些测试大多数时候在路边进行。如果第一阶段的测试引起足够的怀疑，则在警察局进行第二组更可靠的测试。然后，驾驶员将接受药物识别专家（DRE）的评估，以确定驾驶员的中毒类型（药物类别）以及驾驶任何类型机动车辆的能力。在本章中，对于执法界，我们将毒品定义为当被摄入人体时会损害人安全驾驶车辆的能力的物质。药物主要分为七类，中枢神经系统（CNS）抑制剂类别包括一些最滥用的药物。酒精被认为是最常见的中枢神经系统抑制药物滥用。标准化现场清醒测试（SFST）的开发主要是通过南加州研究所（SCRI）进行的广泛研究工作完成的（Burns，1995）;（Burns & Gould，1997）是DRE程序开发的关键一步（Page，2000）。DRE测试过程包括12个不同的组成部分，其中眼睛检查和暗室检查是部分。眼睛的检查允许检测某些药物，因为这些药物可以对眼睛产生非常容易观察到的影响。其中最明显的影响是水平凝视眼球震颤。一个人在某些药物的影响下，如酒精，通常会表现出水平凝视眼球震颤（HGN），这是一种不自觉的抽搐的眼睛，发生在眼睛转向一边，而凝视的对象。暗室检查还可以检测某些药物，因为它会影响瞳孔的外观以及它们对光刺激的反应。有些药物会使瞳孔放大，有些药物会使瞳孔缩小。通过系统地改变进入人的眼睛的光量，人们还可以观察瞳孔的外观和反应。
To this day and in spite aggressive publicity campaigns, impaired driving due to the consumption of legal/illegal drugs such as alcohol and cannabis remains a major cause of road casualties. In order to detect such impairments, police officers first rely on an array of movement coordination tests (Standard Field Sobriety Tests: SFST) which are most of the time applied at road side. If enough suspicions are raised from the first phase of tests, a second set of more reliable tests are conducted at a police station. A driver would then be subjected to an assessment by a Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) in order to determine the type of intoxication (category of drugs) a driver is under as well as his capacity to operate any type of motor vehicle. In the present chapter as for the law enforcement community we define drugs as substance which, when taken into the human body, can impair the ability of a person to operate a vehicle safely. Drugs are mainly classified into seven categories, the Central Nervous System (CNS) depressants category includes some of the most abused drugs. Alcohol is considered the most familiar CNS depressants drug abused. The development of the Standardized Field Sobriety Tests (SFST), which was largely done through extensive research efforts performed at the Southern California Research Institute (SCRI) (Burns, 1995); (Burns & Gould, 1997) was a critical step toward the development of the DRE procedures (Page, 2000). The DRE testing process involves twelve distinct components in which the examination of the eyes and dark room examination are parts. The examination of the eyes allows the detection of certain drugs since these drugs can produce very easily observable effects on the eyes. One of the most noticeable of these effects is the horizontal gaze nystagmus. A person under the influence of certain drugs such as alcohol usually will exhibit Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus (HGN) which is an involuntary jerking of the eyes that occurs as the eyes turn toward the side while gazing at an object. The dark room examinations can also allow the detection of certain drugs since it affects how the pupils will appear and how they respond to light stimuli. Some drugs will cause the pupils to dilate and other to constrict. By systematically changing the amount of light entering a person’s eyes, one can also observe the pupil’s appearance and reaction.