M.I.T./Canadian vestibular experiments on the Spacelab-1 mission: 1. Sensory adaptation to weightlessness and readaptation to one-g: an overview
M.I.T./Canadian vestibular experiments on the Spacelab-1 mission: 1. Sensory adaptation to weightlessness and readaptation to one-g: an overview
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麻省理工学院/加拿大关于 Spacelab-1 任务的前庭实验：1. 对失重的感觉适应和对一克的重新适应：概述
DOI：
10.1007/bf00237746
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发表时间：
1983
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
A. Arrott
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
L. Young;C. Oman;D. Watt;K. Money;B. Lichtenberg;R. Kenyon;A. Arrott
在航天飞机太空实验室任务1的4名机组人员上进行了人类空间定向实验。本文介绍了该项目的概念背景、实验之间的关系及其与“感觉重新解释假说”的关系。详细的实验步骤和结果在本系列的随附文件中给出。本文从以下几个方面讨论了这些发现：1)椭圆型耳石传入信号被重新解释为指示头部平移而不是倾斜；2)反射反应对向下加速的敏感性降低；3)方向知觉和姿势控制中的视觉和触觉提示被赋予更高的权重。三名受试者出现了太空运动病症状，几天后症状减轻。头部运动以及对方位的视觉和触觉提示影响症状的方式与空间运动病的感觉-运动冲突理论一致。飞行前进行的六项短期晕动病敏感性测试未能预测失重状态下的晕车强度。从腓肠肌-比目鱼肌的肌电图测得的早期耳石-脊髓反射，在突然向下加速时，在进入失重状态时立即受到抑制，并在飞行中进一步下降，但在返回地球后不久测量时，与飞行前没有变化。通过测量旋转滚筒产生的主观滚动自运动来研究视觉-前庭的动态相互作用。结果表明，在失重状态下，视觉线索的权重增加，重力感受器信号的权重降低。在10天的飞行后，闭着眼睛的直立姿势被干扰了几天。观察到两名机组人员在飞行后对视野的依赖程度有所提高。使用水平线加速度的飞行后测试显示，检测加速度的方差增加。在返回后的几天里，返回的机组人员使用非视觉横向加速度提示执行手动控制任务的能力似乎比飞行前的能力有所增强。
SummaryExperiments on human spatial orientation were conducted on four crewmembers of Space Shuttle Spacelab Mission 1. This introductory paper presents the conceptual background of the project, the relationship among the experiments and their relevance to a “sensory reinterpretation hypothesis”. Detailed experiment procedures and results are presented in the accompanying papers in this series. The overall findings are discussed in this article as they pertain to the following aspects of hypothesized sensory reinterpretation in weightlessness: 1) utricular otolith afferent signals are reinterpreted as indicating head translation rather than tilt, 2) sensitivity of reflex responses to footward acceleration is reduced, and 3) increased weighting is given to visual and tactile cues in orientation perception and posture control. Three subjects developed space motion sickness symptoms, which abated after several days. Head movements, as well as visual and tactile cues to orientation influenced symptoms in a manner consistent with the sensory-motor conflict theory of space motion sickness. Six short duration tests of motion sickness susceptibility, conducted pre-flight, failed to predict sickness intensity in weightlessness. An early otolith-spinal reflex, measured by electromyography from the gastrocnemius-soleus muscles during sudden footward acceleration, was inhibited immediately upon entering weightlessness and declined further during the flight, but was unchanged from pre-flight when measured shortly after return to earth. Dynamic visual-vestibular interaction was studied by measuring subjective roll self-motion created by looking into a spinning drum. Results suggest increased weighting of visual cues and reduced weighting of graviceptor signals in weightlessness. Following the 10 day flight, erect posture with eyes closed was disturbed for several days. Somewhat greater visual field dependence post-flight was observed for two of the crew. Post-flight tests using horizontal linear acceleration revealed an increased variance in detection of acceleration. The ability of the returned crew to use non-visual lateral acceleration cues for a manual control task appeared enhanced over their pre-flight ability for a few days after return.