Synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicity assay of calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals in various shapes
Synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicity assay of calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals in various shapes
复制标题
各种形状二水草酸钙晶体的合成、表征和细胞毒性测定
DOI：
10.1039/c6ce00697c
复制
发表时间：
2016-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.1
通讯作者：
Xu, Meng
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sun, Xin-Yuan;Ouyang, Jian-Ming;Xu, Meng
通过改变反应物浓度、反应温度、搅拌速度和添加剂，制备了尺寸约为5 μ m的含有十字形、花状、薄双锥、厚双锥和伸长双锥结构的各种形貌的二水草酸钙（COD）晶体。X射线衍射（XRD）和红外光谱（FT-IR）分析表明，合成的COD晶体为纯相COD晶体。探讨了影响COD形态的因素及COD的形成机理。物理化学性质，如比表面积，孔结构，孔径，zeta电位，和晶体的导电性进行了鉴定。采用CCK-8法和PI染色法研究了5种不同形态COD晶体对人肾近端肾小管上皮细胞（HK-2）的细胞毒性。细胞毒性大小顺序为：细长双锥>近似十字形双锥>细长双锥>花形双锥。四斜双锥COD晶体的毒性与富钙（100）面的面积密切相关，（100）面大的晶体对HK-2细胞的毒性更高。十字形COD和花形COD的细胞毒性受其晶体边缘的尖锐性影响;具有尖角的COD-CS对细胞膜的损伤更严重。这些发现有助于理解矿化条件和添加剂对晶体形态的影响，以及确定晶体形态与细胞毒性之间的关系。研究结果也为正常人和结石患者不同形态晶体对肾上皮细胞损伤的差异及草酸钙结石的形成机制提供了参考。
Various morphologies of calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals containing cross-shaped, flower-like, thin-bipyramid, thick-bipyramid, and elongated-bipyramid structures, with a size of approximately 5 mu m, were prepared by varying the reactant concentration, reaction temperature, stirring speed, and additive. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) showed that the synthesized crystals were pure-phase COD crystals. The factors affecting the morphology of COD and the mechanism of COD formation were discussed. Physicochemical properties such as specific surface area, pore structure, pore size, zeta potential, and conductivity of the crystals were identified. The cytotoxicity of five different shapes of COD crystals in human kidney proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells was investigated using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and propidium iodide (PI) staining assay. The cytotoxicity was ranked in the following order: COD-elongated-bipyramid > COD-thick-bipyramid approximate to COD-cross-shaped > COD-thin-bipyramid > COD-flower-like. The toxicity of tetragonal bipyramid COD crystals was closely correlated with the area of the Ca2+ ion-rich (100) face; the crystals with large (100) faces showed a higher toxicity to HK-2 cells. The cytotoxicity of cross-shaped COD and flower-like COD was affected by the sharpness of their crystal edges; COD-CS with sharp corners caused more serious injuries to cell membranes. These findings are helpful in understanding the effects of mineralization conditions and additives on crystal morphology as well as to identify the relationship between crystal morphology and cytotoxicity. The results also provide a reference for the injury difference of various shapes of crystals from normal subjects and stone patients to the renal epithelial cells and the formation mechanism of calcium oxalate stones.