Comparative Regime Analysis: Early Exit from Work in Europe, Japan, and the USA
Comparative Regime Analysis: Early Exit from Work in Europe, Japan, and the USA
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比较制度分析：欧洲、日本和美国的提前离职
DOI：
10.1057/9780230594081_8
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发表时间：
2008
影响因子：
1.2
通讯作者：
B. Ebbinghaus
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
B. Ebbinghaus
当代福利国家（尤其是欧洲大陆）的一个基本政策问题是，自20世纪70年代中期以来，将提前退休作为劳动力流失和被动劳动力市场政策的广泛使用。提前退休——即在65岁之前——不仅在降低劳动年龄人口的总体就业率方面发挥了重要作用，从而降低了福利国家融资的社会贡献和所得税基数；通过增加各种社会转移支付项目，提高了社会支出水平。劳动力流失问题被许多学者批评为“大陆困境”（Scharpf, 2001）和“没有工作的福利国家”综合症（Esping-Andersen, 1996）的基本组成部分。使用比较制度的视角，我将分析这些政治经济的具体制度配置，这些制度配置可以解释提前退出工作的普遍上升，以及它的跨国变化。近年来，出现了一些政策逆转，例如欧盟承诺增加老年工人的活动率，但为了评估这些改革，我们需要了解早期退出工作的最初原因和特定模式。
One of the fundamental policy problems of contemporary welfare states, particularly in Continental Europe, has been the extensive use of early retirement as a labor-shedding and passive labor market policy since the mid-1970s. Early exit from work — that is, before the age of 65 — has not only played a major role in lowering the overall employment rate for the working-age population, thereby reducing the social contribution and income tax base for welfare state financing; it has also pushed up the levels of social expenditure through the increased take-up of various social transfer programs. The labor-shedding problem has been criticized by many scholars as a fundamental part of the “Continental dilemma” (Scharpf, 2001) and the “welfare state without work” syndrome (Esping-Andersen, 1996). Using a comparative regime perspective, I will analyze the specific institutional configurations of these political economies that can explain the general rise in early exit from work, but also its cross-national variations. In recent years, there have been some policy reversals, such as the European Union’s commitment to increase the activity rate of older workers, yet in order to evaluate these reforms we need to understand the initial causes of and particular patterns of early exit from work.