Exposure to nitrosamines in thirdhand tobacco smoke increases cancer risk in non-smokers
Exposure to nitrosamines in thirdhand tobacco smoke increases cancer risk in non-smokers
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envint.2014.06.012
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发表时间：
2014-10-01
影响因子：
11.8
通讯作者：
Hamilton, Jacqueline F.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ramirez, Noelia;Oezel, Mustafa Z.;Hamilton, Jacqueline F.
除了被动吸入外，非吸烟者，特别是儿童，还暴露于残留的烟草烟雾气体和颗粒，这些气体和颗粒沉积在表面和灰尘上，称为三手烟（THS）。然而，到目前为止，这种接触途径的潜在癌症风险一直高度不确定，公共卫生政策也没有考虑到这一点。在这项研究中，我们估计第一次潜在的癌症风险的年龄组，通过非饮食摄入和皮肤接触致癌物质N-亚硝胺和烟草特有的亚硝胺（TSNAs）在室内灰尘样本测量。使用一种高度敏感和选择性的分析方法，我们已经确定了尼古丁的存在下，八个N-亚硝胺和烟草特有的亚硝胺在46个沉降灰尘样本的吸烟者和非吸烟者居住的家庭。通过对室内灰尘成分的观察，我们应用最新的官方毒理学信息估计了癌症风险。通过在生命早期阶段（1至6岁）暴露于观察到的TSNA水平计算的癌症风险超过了USEPA推荐的77%吸烟者和64%非吸烟者家庭的风险上限。在吸烟者居住的家庭中测量的暴露于所有亚硝胺的最大风险是每1000人暴露一个额外的癌症病例，这里提出的结果强调了THS暴露的潜在严重的长期后果，特别是对儿童，并提供了其潜在的健康风险的有力证据，因此，在制定未来的环境和健康政策时应予以考虑。(C)2014爱思唯尔有限公司版权所有。
In addition to passive inhalation, non-smokers, and especially children, are exposed to residual tobacco smoke gases and particles that are deposited to surfaces and dust, known as thirdhand smoke (THS). However, until now the potential cancer risks of this pathway of exposure have been highly uncertain and not considered in public health policy. In this study, we estimate for the first time the potential cancer risk by age group through nondietary ingestion and dermal exposure to carcinogen N-nitrosamines and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) measured in house dust samples. Using a highly sensitive and selective analytical approach we have determined the presence of nicotine, eight N-nitrosamines and five tobacco-specific nitrosamines in forty-six settled dust samples from homes occupied by both smokers and non-smokers. Using observations of house dust composition, we have estimated the cancer risk by applying the most recent official toxicological information. Calculated cancer risks through exposure to the observed levels of TSNAs at an early life stage (1 to 6 years old) exceeded the upper-bound risk recommended by the USEPA in 77% of smokers' and 64% of non-smokers' homes. The maximum risk from exposure to all nitrosamines measured in a smoker occupied home was one excess cancer case per one thousand population exposed.The results presented here highlight the potentially severe long-term consequences of THS exposure, particularly to children, and give strong evidence of its potential health risk and, therefore, they should be considered when developing future environmental and health policies. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.