ACOUSTICS OF SINGING VOICE
ACOUSTICS OF SINGING VOICE
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DOI：
10.1038/scientificamerican0377-82
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发表时间：
1977-01-01
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
SUNDBERG, J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
SUNDBERG, J
显然，一流歌剧演唱家的声音有些不寻常。除了音乐之外，这种声音的内在品质可以对听者产生强烈的影响。此外，一个训练有素的歌手所发出的声音，即使比管弦乐队发出的声音高得多，也能在大型歌剧院里清晰地听到，而且可以一周又一周，一年又一年地这样做。如果一个二流歌手或一个完全未经训练的歌手试图盖过管弦乐队的声音，结果将是一声尖叫，演唱者的声音很快就会消失。仅仅是训练就能起到作用吗？或者是产生杰出歌手声音的乐器本身与其他人的声音不同？让我们先来描述一下这种乐器。发声器官包括肺、喉、咽、鼻和嘴。肺的主要功能是产生过量的气压，从而产生气流。空气通过声门，声门是喉底两个声带之间的一个空间（通常被称为声带，但实际上是粘膜衬里的弹性褶）。每个声带的前端都与甲状软骨或苹果相连。每个软骨的后端都附着在两个小的杓状软骨中的一个上，这些软骨是可移动的，可以移动以分离褶皱（用于呼吸），将它们聚集在一起并拉伸它们。声带除了产生声音之外还有一个功能：它们保护肺部免受吸入气流中夹带的任何小物体的伤害。声带上方是两个“假”声带，当肺部空气压力过大时，人们就会屏住呼吸。声带位于管状喉部的底部，它与咽相吻合，咽是连接口腔和食道的较宽的腔。屋顶
Clearly there is something quite un usual about the voice of a first class opera singer. Quite apart from the music, the intrinsic quality of such a voice can have a forceful impact on the listener. Moreover, a well-trained singer produces sounds that can be heard distinctly in a large opera house even over a high level of sound from the orchestra, and can do so week after week, year after year. If a second-rate singer or a completely untrained one tried to be heard over an orchestra, the result would be a scream and the sing er's voice would soon fail. Is it only training that makes the difference? Or is the instrument that produces an excel lent singer's voice itself different from other people's?Let us begin with a description of that instrument. The voice organ includes the lungs, the larynx, the pharynx, the nose and the mouth. The main voice function of the lungs is to produce an excess of air pressure, thereby generat ing an airstream. The air passes through the glottis, a space at the base of the larynx between the two vocal folds (which are often called the vocal cords but are actually elastic infoldings of the mucous membrane lining the lar nx). The front end of each vocal fold is at tached to the thyroid cartilage, or Ad am's apple. The back end of each is at tached to one of the two small arytenoid cartilages, which are mobile, moving to separate the folds (for breathing), to bring them together and to stretch them. The vocal folds have a function apart from that of producing sound: they pro tect the lungs from any small objects entrained in the inspired airstream. Just above the vocal folds are the two" false" vocal folds, which are engaged when someone holds his breath with an over pressure of air in the lungs. The vocal folds are at the bottom of the tube shaped larynx, which fits into the phar ynx, the wider cavity that leads from the mouth to the esophagus. The roof of the