Animal models of nicotine exposure: relevance to second-hand smoking, electronic cigarette use, and compulsive smoking.
Animal models of nicotine exposure: relevance to second-hand smoking, electronic cigarette use, and compulsive smoking.
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DOI：
10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00041
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发表时间：
2013-01-01
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
George, Olivier
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cohen, Ami;George, Olivier
许多证据表明，个人使用烟草主要是为了体验尼古丁的精神药理学特性，而且很大一部分吸烟者最终会对尼古丁产生依赖。在人类中，尼古丁急性产生积极的强化作用，包括轻度欣快，而尼古丁戒断综合征与躯体和情感成分后，观察到慢性尼古丁暴露。尼古丁自我给药和长期暴露于尼古丁的动物模型在揭示介导尼古丁急性强化作用和戒断期间出现戒断综合征的神经生物学底物方面至关重要。然而，从尼古丁滥用到尼古丁依赖的转变的重要方面，如反复暴露于药物后出现的动机增加和强迫性尼古丁摄入，最近才开始在动物中建模。因此，参与尼古丁成瘾这些重要方面的神经生物学机制在很大程度上仍然未知。在这篇综述中，我们描述了不同的动物模型，并讨论了尼古丁暴露和尼古丁依赖的动物模型的最新进展。这篇综述表明，尼古丁蒸汽暴露和尼古丁摄入量增加的新型动物模型为研究二手尼古丁暴露、电子烟使用的神经生物学效应以及尼古丁使用向强迫性尼古丁摄入过渡的机制提供了独特的机会。
Much evidence indicates that individuals use tobacco primarily to experience the psychopharmacological properties of nicotine and that a large proportion of smokers eventually become dependent on nicotine. In humans, nicotine acutely produces positive reinforcing effects, including mild euphoria, whereas a nicotine abstinence syndrome with both somatic and affective components is observed after chronic nicotine exposure. Animal models of nicotine self-administration and chronic exposure to nicotine have been critical in unveiling the neurobiological substrates that mediate the acute reinforcing effects of nicotine and emergence of a withdrawal syndrome during abstinence. However, important aspects of the transition from nicotine abuse to nicotine dependence, such as the emergence of increased motivation and compulsive nicotine intake following repeated exposure to the drug, have only recently begun to be modeled in animals. Thus, the neurobiological mechanisms that are involved in these important aspects of nicotine addiction remain largely unknown. In this review, we describe the different animal models available to date and discuss recent advances in animal models of nicotine exposure and nicotine dependence. This review demonstrates that novel animal models of nicotine vapor exposure and escalation of nicotine intake provide a unique opportunity to investigate the neurobiological effects of second-hand nicotine exposure, electronic cigarette use, and the mechanisms that underlie the transition from nicotine use to compulsive nicotine intake.