Does unemployment lead to greater levels of loneliness? A systematic review.
Does unemployment lead to greater levels of loneliness? A systematic review.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114339
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发表时间：
2021-10
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Medina-Lara A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Morrish N;Medina-Lara A
有证据表明孤独和失业都会对公共健康产生负面影响。这两种情况在生命历程中都会经历，并且鉴于 COVID-19 大流行而日益受到关注。本次综述旨在探讨工作年龄个体的孤独感与失业之间关系的强度和方向，特别是自我强化循环与综合医疗保健结果的潜力。从开始到 2020 年 12 月，在 Medline、PubMed、PsycINFO、Embase 和 EconLit 上进行了系统检索。整个综述遵循 PRISMA 报告指南，使用 Joanna Briggs Institute 检查表评估研究质量，并以叙述综合形式总结结果。评估高收入西方国家孤独感与失业之间关系的英语语言研究也被纳入其中。确定了 37 项研究； 30 个横截面和 7 个纵向。孤独感是通过直接问题或孤独量表来衡量的，而失业则是自我报告或从国家登记册中检索的。所有研究都观察到失业与孤独感增加之间存在正相关关系。因此，在整个生命历程中，失业与更大的孤独感之间存在着一种清晰而复杂的关系。这种关系的强度随着孤独感的严重程度而增加，并且似乎在 30-34 岁和 50-59 岁之间达到顶峰。逻辑回归在统计显着性上提供了最大的一致性，显示失业时报告孤独感的可能性至少增加了 40%。本综述中最近进行的纵向研究发现，失业后的孤独感更高，而且孤独感可以预测失业，这表明这种关系存在潜在的双向性。这种双向性可能会在孤独和失业之间产生乘数效应，从而形成自我强化的关系，并为那些最危险的人带来更大的健康问题。因此，审查结果表明需要跨部门的认识和干预来解决孤独和失业问题。
There is evidence that loneliness and unemployment each have a negative impact on public health. Both are experienced across the life course and are of increasing concern in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. This review seeks to examine the strength and direction of the relationship between loneliness and unemployment in working age individuals, and in particular the potential for a self-reinforcing cycle with combined healthcare outcomes. A systematic search was undertaken in Medline, PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase and EconLit from inception to December 2020. PRISMA reporting guidelines were followed throughout this review, study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist and results were summarised in a narrative synthesis. English language studies evaluating the relationship between loneliness and unemployment in higher income western countries were included. Thirty-seven studies were identified; 30 cross-sectional and 7 longitudinal. Loneliness was measured by a direct question or loneliness scale while unemployment was self-reported or retrieved from a national register. A positive association between unemployment and increased loneliness was observed across all studies. Thus, across the life-course a clear yet complex relationship exists between unemployment and greater experience of loneliness. The magnitude of this relationship increases with the severity of loneliness and appears to peak at age 30–34 and 50–59. Logistic regression provided the greatest consistency at statistical significance revealing at least a 40% increase in the likelihood of reporting loneliness when unemployed. Recent longitudinal studies identified in this review found higher levels of loneliness following job loss, but also that loneliness was predictive of unemployment suggesting potential bi-directionality in the relationship. This bi-directionality may create a multiplier effect between loneliness and unemployment to form a self-reinforcing relationship and greater health concerns for those most at risk. Thus, review findings suggest the need for cross-sector awareness and intervention to tackle both loneliness and unemployment.
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