Do bioactive components in non-animal food sources contribute to the beneficial health effect of a Japanese dietary pattern?
Do bioactive components in non-animal food sources contribute to the beneficial health effect of a Japanese dietary pattern?
复制标题
DOI：
10.1017/s136898001900154x
复制
发表时间：
2019-09-01
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Calvo, Mona S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hodge, Allison M;Calvo, Mona S
在本期《公共健康营养学》杂志上，Okada等人发表了题为《日本的饮食模式和异常糖耐量》的文章。他们(1)通过对2012年日本国民健康和营养调查(NHNS)中约10万名参与者的数据进行因子分析，确定了三种饮食模式，以糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)为临界值，探讨与糖尿病风险的关系。在已确定的三种模式中，只有以植物性为主的饮食模式与糖尿病风险显著负相关，这让我们推测，特定食物的消耗量及其生物活性成分可能提供了一种针对异常糖耐量的保护机制。在日本被广泛消费的两种食物，即大豆/豆制品和蘑菇，与西方文化中占主导地位的植物食品相比，在消费量和生物活性成分上都有所不同。我们评论的目的是更深入地研究这些差异，并推测这些食物可能通过哪些机制降低疾病风险。发现了三种饮食模式：(I)高面包低米饭，(Ii)高肉低鱼和(Iii)蔬菜。第一种模式，面包、牛奶/乳制品、糖果、黄油/人造黄油和水果为正负荷，动物肉/家禽和大米为负负荷，与HbA1c升高呈微弱负相关。摄入蔬菜、水果、蘑菇、大豆/大豆制品的“蔬菜”模式与HbA1c升高呈显著负相关。没有发现第二种模式(1)的关联。第一种模式没有显示出与HbA1c有很强的相关性，这或许并不令人惊讶，因为摄入这一因素的食物包括一些被认为有益的食物，如水果的正负荷和肉类和家禽的负负荷；但其他如糖果等正负荷的食物预计会与HbA1c升高或糖尿病的更大风险相关。大米的强烈负载量和面包的类似强度的正载量，如果没有这些群体内主要食物消费的更多细节，就很难解释。白米的营养含量低，包括纤维，而且血糖指数低，这也可能导致患糖尿病的风险。然而，即使在白米内部，阿特金森等人也是如此。报告的血糖指数范围很广，从某些类型的低于50到其他类型的高于100(3)。同样，据报道，面包在不同类型的谷物内部和之间都有一系列的血糖指数(3)。第二种模式，面包、面条、动物肉类/家禽、黄油/人造黄油、植物油/油和咖啡/可可的摄入量为正，而大米、泡菜、生鱼/贝类和茶的摄入量为负，与其他与糖尿病风险增加相关的不健康饮食模式相似(5)。蔬菜模式摄取所有植物性食物和蘑菇，在这方面与其他与糖尿病风险负相关的健康模式相似(5)。虽然我们认识到蘑菇是真菌，实际上是植物的一个独立王国的一部分，但我们在这里将它们与植物食物一起指代。由于与西方国家相比，日本人消费的食物种类不同，这种“蔬菜”模式的实际成分可能会有很大不同，特别是对大豆食品和蘑菇的关注。日本“蔬菜”饮食模式的积极影响可能与…摄入水平明显较高的成分食品有关。
In their article,‘Dietary patterns and abnormal glucose tolerance in Japan’in this issue of Public Health Nutrition, Okada et al.(1) identified three dietary patterns using factor analysis of data from approximately 100 000 participants in the 2012 Japanese National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHNS) to explore associations with diabetes risk based on glycated Hb (HbA1c) cut-off values. Of three patterns identified, only the predominantly plant-based dietary pattern was significantly and inversely associated with diabetes risk, leading us to speculate that both the amount of specific foods consumed and their bioactive components may afford a protective mechanism against abnormal glucose tolerance. Two foods characterising this ‘vegetable pattern’and which are widely consumed in Japan, namely soya/soya products and mushrooms, differ in both quantity of consumption and their bioactive components compared with the plant foods predominant in Western cultures. The objective of our commentary is to delve deeper into these differences and speculate on possible mechanisms through which these foods may reduce disease risk. Three dietary patterns were found:(i)‘high-bread and low-rice’,(ii)‘high-meat and low-fish’and (iii)‘vegetable’. The first pattern, on which bread, milk/dairy products, confectionery, butter/margarine and fruit were positively loaded, and animal meats/poultry and rice were negatively loaded, was weakly inversely associated with elevated HbA1c. The ‘vegetable’pattern, with positive loadings for vegetables, fruit, mushrooms, soyabeans/soya products, was significantly inversely associated with elevated HbA1c. No association was seen for the second pattern (1). It is perhaps no surprise that the first pattern did not show a strong association with HbA1c given that foods loading on this factor included some that would be considered beneficial, such as positive loadings for fruit and negative loadings for meat and poultry; but other items like confectionery with a positive loading would be expected to be associated with a greater risk of elevated HbA1c or diabetes (2). The strong negative loading for rice and the similar strength positive loading for bread are difficult to interpret without more detail of the main foods consumed within these groups. White rice is low in nutrients, including fibre, and can have a low glycaemic index (3), which might also contribute to diabetes risk (4). However, even within white rice Atkinson et al. report a wide range of glycaemic indices ranging from below 50 for some types to above 100 for others (3). Bread similarly is reported to have a range of glycaemic indices, both within and between different types of grains (3). The second pattern, with positive loadings for bread, noodles, animal meats/poultry, butter/margarine, vegetable fats/oils and coffee/cocoa, and inverse associations for rice, pickles, raw fish/shellfish and tea, is similar to other ‘unhealthy’dietary patterns that have been associated with increased diabetes risk (5).The ‘vegetable’pattern loads all plant-based foods and mushrooms, and in that respect is similar to other ‘healthy’patterns that have been inversely associated with diabetes risk (5). Although we recognise that mushrooms are fungi and in fact part of a separate kingdom to plants, we refer to them with plant foods here. Due to differences in the sort of foods consumed in Japan compared with Western countries, the actual components of this ‘vegetable’pattern may be quite different, in particular the focus on soyabeanderived foods and mushrooms. The positive effects of the ‘vegetable’dietary pattern in Japan may relate specifically to the component foods that are consumed at significantly higher levels …