Molecular basis of the genetic diversity of the cytoplasm in Triticum and Aegilops. I. Diversity of the chloroplast genome and its lineage revealed by the restriction pattern of ct-DNAs
Molecular basis of the genetic diversity of the cytoplasm in Triticum and Aegilops. I. Diversity of the chloroplast genome and its lineage revealed by the restriction pattern of ct-DNAs
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小麦和山羊草细胞质遗传多样性的分子基础。
DOI：
10.1266/jjg.57.371
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发表时间：
1982
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
K. Tsunewaki
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Y. Ogihara;K. Tsunewaki
从34个小麦自交可育异质系和4个小麦整质系中提取了完整的叶绿体DNA。用Sal I、Pst I、EcoRI和BamHI四种酶对这些ct-DNA的限制性图谱进行了研究。根据Sal Ⅰ、Pst Ⅰ、EcoR Ⅰ和BamH Ⅰ酶切图谱，将38份细胞悬液的Ct DNA分为3、4、4和10型。总共可以鉴定出10种叶绿体基因组类型（类型1至10）。利用该方法构建了普通小麦（包括二粒小麦和Ae. Longissima）、山蚂蝗Ae. Squarrosa（包括它的亲戚，Ae。cylindrica和Ae. Ae.），和Ae.单芒山羊草ct-DNA的酶切图谱比其它种类小0.2-0.5kbp。Ae.尾状体（_？？_）和伞形山慈菇Ae，umbellulata（_？？_）与40年前生产的完全相同3个普通小麦品种（T. aestivum和T. spelta）、二粒小麦2种、Ae. Biuncialis，Ae的三个品种。triaristata（1个4x和2个6x型）和两个Ae. crassa（4x和6x形式）。在许多情况下，二倍体和它的多倍体亲属，这是以前由Tsunewaki和他的同事（ref. Tsunewaki 1980）认为已经收到了来自二倍体的核基因组和细胞质，显示出相同的限制模式;一个典型的例子是Ae。umbellulata（2x）及其亲属，Ae. triuncialis（4x），Ae. biuncialis（4x），Ae. columnaris（4x）和Ae. triaristata（4x和6x）。所有这些事实表明，在物种形成过程中叶绿体基因组的保守性。在所有的情况下，除了两个例子，每一个叶绿体基因组类型对应于一个特定的血浆类型（或亚型）由Tsunewaki和他的同事建立。一个例外的情况是叶绿体基因组类型1，它包括五个明显不同的血浆类型，A，D2，Sb，S1和Sv。其他例外是叶绿体基因组类型7和8，两者都对应于相同的血浆类型，S。由于它们的差异出现在四个限制性片段上，因此对应于叶绿体基因组类型7（Ae. longissima、野生的和栽培的二粒小麦和普通小麦）已被重新命名为B。基于所有对血浆类型之间不同的限制性片段的数目，构建了14种血浆类型的系统发育树。血浆类型的几个特征遗传特性，如组分I蛋白的大亚基类型，诱导虚弱，杂色和雄性不育，定位于树的某些分支。最后，根据ct-DNA的限制性内切酶图谱，推测了大多数多倍体物种的母系谱系：二粒小麦和普通小麦对Ae. longissima、4x和6x timopheevi小麦对Ae. aucheri，Polyeides组（Ae. triuncialis，Ae，buncialis，Ae. columnaris和4x、6x Ae. triaristata）到Ae. umbellulata、山蚂蝗Ae. triuncialis到Ae. caudata和Ae. cylindrica和Ae. ventricosa到Ae. squarrosa。
Intact chloroplast DNAs were isolated from 34 self-fertile alloplasmic as well as from four euplasmic lines of wheats. The restriction patterns of these ct-DNAs were studied using four enzymes, Sal I, Pst I, Eco RI and Bam HI. Ct-DNAs from the 38 cytoplasms could be classified into three, four, four, and ten types, based on the Sal I, Pst I, Eco RI and Bam HI restriction patterns, respectively. In total, ten chloroplast genome types (Types 1 to 10) could be identified. The physical maps of ct-DNAs of common wheat (including emmer wheats and Ae. Longissima), Ae. Squarrosa (including its relatives, Ae. cylindrica and Ae. Ventricosa), and Ae. Uniaristata appeared to be about 0.2-0.5kbp smaller than that of most other species.Significantly the restriction patterns of ct-DNAs of Ae. caudata and an amphidiploid between Ae. caudata (_??_) and Ae, umbellulata (_??_) that had been produced 40 years ago were identical. No restriction pattern differences were found among three cultivars of common wheat (T. aestivum and T. spelta), two species of emmer wheat, two varieties of Ae. Biuncialis, three varieties of Ae. triaristata (one 4x and two 6x forms), and two strains of Ae. crassa (a 4x and 6x form). In many cases, a diploid and its polyploid relatives, which were previously assumed by Tsunewaki and his coworkers (ref. Tsunewaki 1980) to have received a nuclear genome and cytoplasm from the diploid, showed identical restriction patterns; one typical example is Ae. umbellulata (2x) and its relatives, Ae. triuncialis (4x), Ae. biuncialis (4x), Ae. columnaris (4x), and Ae. triaristata (4x and 6x). All these facts indicate a conservatism of chloroplast genomes during speciation.In all but two cases, each of the chloroplast genome types corresponded to one of the specific plasma types (or subtypes) established by Tsunewaki and his coworkers. One exceptional case is the chloroplast genome type 1 that included five distinctly different plasma types, A, D2, Sb, S1 and Sv Other exceptions are chloroplast genome types 7 and 8, both of which corresponded to the same plasma type, S. Since their differences appear on four restriction fragments, the plasma type corresponding to chloroplast genome type 7 (Ae. longissima, wild, and cultivated emmers and common wheat) has been renamed, B.Based on the number of restriction fragments differing between all pairs of the plasma types, a phylogenetic tree for 14 plasma types was constructed. Several characteristic genetic properties of the plasma types, such as large subunit types of Fraction I protein, induction of weakness, variegation, and male sterility, were localized in certain branches of the tree. However, none of them could be assigned to any specific change in the restriction fragments.Finally, the maternal lineages of most polyploid species were deduced from the restriction patterns of ct-DNAs: emmer and common wheats to Ae. longissima, 4x and 6x timopheevi wheats to Ae. aucheri, most 4x and 6x species of Polyeides section (Ae. triuncialis, Ae, biuncialis, Ae. columnaris, and 4x and 6x Ae. triaristata) to Ae. umbellulata, one strain of Ae. triuncialis to Ae. caudata, and Ae. cylindrica and Ae. ventricosa to Ae. squarrosa.