Administrative Labor Migration Program from Okinawa to "Mainland" Japan as a Foreign Country during the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands
Administrative Labor Migration Program from Okinawa to "Mainland" Japan as a Foreign Country during the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands
复制标题
美国琉球群岛民政管理期间从冲绳到日本“大陆”作为外国的行政劳工移民计划
DOI：
10.4200/jjhg1948.56.21
复制
发表时间：
2004
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
S. Yamaguchi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. Yamaguchi
日本劳动省在日本经济高速增长时期（1955-1973年）实施了行政性的青年劳动者劳动力迁移计划“Shudan-Shushoku”。这一制度也适用于冲绳（琉球），尽管冲绳在1972年之前一直由美国琉球群岛民政署（UCAR）统治。日本政府对冲绳拥有“剩余主权”，能够将其纳入日本劳动力市场。从冲绳到日本“本土”的移民计划是什么时候开始的？琉球政府为何要建立并维持这样的移民制度？来自冲绳的年轻工人对祖国和“大陆”日本之间的地理/社会距离有什么看法？本文的目的是澄清这个迁移计划的一些方面。本文着重论述了美、琉、日三国政府的行为和青年工人的思想。本研究的结果如下：在20世纪50年代，由于USCAR不得不为冲绳的美军基地雇佣大量的劳动力，而且工资很低，因此冲绳的产业增长受到经济政策的抑制。由于冲绳的劳动力市场就业机会少，琉球群岛政府就此问题与日本政府进行了交涉，最终USCAR也允许移民到“本土”日本。因此，1957年12月启动了“Shudan-Shushoku”。在“大陆”经济高速增长时期，由于劳动力不足，面向冲绳年轻人的就业机会逐年增加。随着向“大陆”迁移的劳动力人数的增加，由年轻人引发的自杀、精神病、犯罪等社会问题也时有发生。由于祖国与“大陆“之间存在地理/社会距离，一些青年工人没有融入“大陆”的文化，在“大陆”经常受到歧视。“因此，从1961年起，琉球群岛政府为年轻移民举办培训班，协助处理这些问题。然而，在1963年，USCAR的高级专员保罗·卡拉维（Paul Caraway）下令暂停“shudan-shushoku”。UCAR解释说，暂停的原因是“我们的人民”在“大陆”日本受到歧视。日本政府和琉球群岛政府批评了USCAR，它撤销了这一暂停，但声称必须改善劳动力迁移制度。因此，琉球政府于1964年制定了向外国迁移劳动力的“条例”，移民本身的意图与两国政府的意图不同。许多移民决定移民到“大陆”日本，不仅因为在冲绳很难找到工作，而且因为他们被“大陆”日本的城市生活所吸引。据说，有些移民甚至利用这一劳务移民项目前往“大陆”。“然而，真实的“大陆”并不是他们认为的移民前的那个大陆。他们中的一些人在工作场所确实遇到了歧视。
"Shudan-shushoku", the administrative young workers' labor migration program, was carried out under the control of the Japanese Ministry of Labor in the high-growth period of Japan (1955-1973). This system was also applied to Okinawa (Ryukyu), although Okinawa was ruled by the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands (USCAR) until 1972. The Government of Japan had "residual sovereignty" over Okinawa and was able to include it in the Japanese labor market. When and how was this program of migration from Okinawa to "mainland" Japan started? Why did the Government of the Ryukyu Islands have to start and maintain such a migration system? And what did young workers from Okinawa think of the geographical/social distance between the homeland and "mainland" Japan?The purpose of this paper is to clarify some aspects of this migration program. The paper focuses especially on the acts of the three Governments: the USCAR, Ryukyu and Japan, and on the thoughts of young workers themselves. The results of this study are summarized as follows.In the 1950s, because USCAR had to employ a large labor force for American military bases in Okinawa with small salaries, the growth of industry in Okinawa was restrained by economic policies. Since the labor market in Okinawa had few employment opportunities, the Government of the Ryukyu Islands negotiated with the Government of Japan on this problem, and finally USCAR also allowed migration to "mainland" Japan. As a result, "Shudan-shushoku" was initiated in December 1957. Because the labor force had been undermanned in the high-growth period of "mainland" Japan, job offers to young people in Okinawa were increasing year by year.As the numbers of labor migrants to "mainland" Japan increased, some social problems (e.g. suicides, neuroses, or crimes) caused by young workers frequently occurred. Because there was a geographical/social distance between the homeland and the "mainland, " some young workers did not assimilate into the culture of the "mainland" and were often discriminated on the "mainland." Therefore, the Government of the Ryukyu Islands held training sessions for young migrants to assist in dealing with these issues from 1961. However, in 1963, the High Commissioner of USCAR, Paul Caraway, ordered the suspension of "shudan-shushoku." The USCAR explained that the reason for this suspension was that '"our people" are discriminated in "mainland" Japan.' The Governments of Japan and the Ryukyu Islands criticized USCAR and it revoked this suspension but claimed that the system of labor migration must be improved. As a result, the "Regulation" of labor migration to a foreign country was enacted by the Government of the Ryukyu Islands in 1964.Migrants themselves had an intention that differed from that of both governments. Many of the migrants decided to migrate to "mainland" Japan because it was not only difficult to get a job in Okinawa, but also because they were attracted to city life in "mainland" Japan. It was said that some migrants even used this labor migration program for the purpose of travelling to the "mainland." However, the real "mainland" was not the same one that they thought it would be before migration. Some of them did encounter discrimination in their workplaces.