Intensity, moderation, and the pressures of expectation: Calculation and coercion in the street-level practice of welfare conditionality
Intensity, moderation, and the pressures of expectation: Calculation and coercion in the street-level practice of welfare conditionality
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DOI：
10.1111/spol.12559
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发表时间：
2020-03-01
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Kaufman, James
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kaufman, James
这篇文章提供了一个关于福利条件性的街头视角，因为它在2008年至2015年之间的外包英国激活计划中得到了实践。通过观察和深入访谈，本文阐明了行为条件为街头工作人员提供加强或适度激活特定索赔人的手段的方式。在回应有关削减街头自由裁量权的争论时，文章认为，在目标驱动、工作优先和其他高度受限的服务的特定背景下，自由裁量权存在于加强或缓和条件及其强制潜力的能力中——在决定如何、对谁以及在多大程度上适用条件的过程中。本文认为，关注这种形式的自由裁量权提供了另一种框架，通过这种框架来看待通常被理解为“奶油”和“停车”的差别待遇。在这样做的过程中，这篇文章提出了一些问题，这些问题在街头理性和实践的计算形式、规范形式和性格形式之间划清了界限。它显示了顾问对“街头选择计算”的反应是如何以期望的方式表达出来的，在这种情况下，面向未来的计算的尝试必然需要对索赔人及其情况作出其他形式的推测性和规范性判断。因此，本文有助于理解有条件福利服务中差别待遇的原因和意义。
This article offers a street-level perspective on welfare conditionality as it was practiced in contracted-out UK activation programs between 2008 and 2015. Drawing on observation and in-depth interviews, the article illustrates the ways that behavioral conditionality provided street-level workers with the means to intensify or moderate activation for particular claimants. Responding to arguments about the curtailment of street-level discretion, the article argues that in the particular context of target-driven, work-first, and otherwise highly constrained services, discretion resided in the ability to intensify or moderate conditionality and its coercive potential-in decisions about how, on whom, and to what extent it would be applied. The article argues that attending to this form of discretion provides an alternative frame through which to view the differentiated treatment typically understood as "creaming" and "parking." In so doing, the article problematizes accounts that draw clear lines between calculative, normative, and dispositional forms of street-level reason and practice. It shows how advisors' responses to the "street-level calculus of choice" were articulated in terms of expectation, where attempts at future-oriented calculation necessarily entailed making other forms of speculative and normative judgement about claimants and their situations. The article thus contributes to an understanding of both the causes and meaning of differentiated treatment in conditional welfare services.