Panzootic chytrid fungus exploits diverse amphibian host environments through plastic infection strategies
Panzootic chytrid fungus exploits diverse amphibian host environments through plastic infection strategies
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DOI：
10.1111/mec.16601
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发表时间：
2022-07-17
影响因子：
4.9
通讯作者：
Longo，Ana
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Torres-Sanchez，Maria;Villate，Jennifer;Longo，Ana
虽然一些病原体仅限于单一物种，但其他病原体可以在许多宿主中定植，这可能导致新疾病暴发的出现。尽管这种生物多样性的威胁，与主机生态位扩张的特点还没有很好地了解多宿主病原体。在这里，我们的目的是通过关注Batrachochytrium dendrobaestrium（Bd）来揭示驱动多宿主入侵的功能机制，这是一种感染全球数百种两栖动物皮肤的病原体。我们使用已发表的感染实验数据和新生成的图谱对Bd基因表达进行了Meta分析。我们分析了14种宿主的Bd转录组图谱，重建了Bd的系统发育关系，并在包括其他12种游动孢子真菌的系统发育框架下推断了差异表达基因的起源和进化历史。我们的分析确定了宿主环境下具有相似感染结果的差异表达基因集。我们强调营养免疫和基因沉默是克服不太敏感的宿主中具有挑战性的皮肤环境所需的重要过程。总的来说，Bdgenes在两栖动物皮肤开发过程中表达，主要是通过基因复制与伟大的家庭扩张，增加了以前描述的这种真菌物种的基因拷贝事件。最后，我们提供了一个全面的基因数据集，可用于进一步研究这种宿主-病原体系统的生态进化假说。我们的研究支持宿主环境施加对比选择压力的想法，这样的基因表达可塑性可能是导致多宿主病原体成功的进化关键之一。
While some pathogens are limited to single species, others can colonize many hosts, likely contributing to the emergence of novel disease outbreaks. Despite this biodiversity threat, traits associated with host niche expansions are not well understood in multihost pathogens. Here, we aimed to uncover functional machinery driving multihost invasion by focusing onBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis(Bd), a pathogen that infects the skin of hundreds of amphibians worldwide. We performed a meta‐analysis ofBdgene expression using data from published infection experiments and newly generated profiles. We analysedBdtranscriptomic landscapes across the skin of 14 host species, reconstructedBdisolates phylogenetic relationships, and inferred the origin and evolutionary history of differentially expressed genes under a phylogenetic framework comprising other 12 zoosporic fungi.Bddisplayed plastic infection strategies when challenged by hosts with different disease susceptibility. Our analyses identified sets of differentially expressed genes under host environments with similar infection outcome. We stressed nutritional immunity and gene silencing as important processes required to overcome challenging skin environments in less susceptible hosts. Overall,Bdgenes expressed during amphibian skin exploitation have arisen mainly via gene duplications with great family expansions, increasing the gene copy events previously described for this fungal species. Finally, we provide a comprehensive gene data set that can be used to further examine eco‐evolutionary hypotheses for this host‐pathogen system. Our study supports the idea that host environments exert contrasting selective pressures, such that gene expression plasticity could be one of the evolutionary keys leading to the success of multihost pathogens.