Spatial scale moderates the shape of the biodiversity-disease relationship
Spatial scale moderates the shape of the biodiversity-disease relationship
复制标题
空间尺度调节生物多样性与疾病关系的形状
DOI：
10.1101/472902
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Jason Rohr
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
F. Halliday;Jason Rohr
在中小规模的研究中，不同的宿主群落通常会抑制寄生虫的传播，这使得一些人认为保护生物多样性有助于控制传染病。然而，这种“稀释效应”的普遍性仍然存在争议。首先，大多数研究假设生物多样性和疾病之间存在线性、单调关系，尽管实际形状尚不清楚。其次，大多数研究都是在单一空间尺度上进行的，尽管生物相互作用通常依赖于尺度，因此空间尺度可能决定生物多样性与疾病关系的方向。第三，大多数研究只关注一小部分可能的多样性水平，尽管生物多样性与疾病关系的方向可能会在这个范围之外发生变化。通过分析 77 种寄生虫物种的 231 种生物多样性与疾病关系，我们提供了广泛的证据，表明生物多样性与疾病关系通常是非线性的，并受空间尺度的调节；生物多样性通常会在局部范围（<100平方公里）抑制疾病，并在区域范围（>1,000,000平方公里）放大疾病。这些影响并不取决于任何测试的宿主、寄生虫或研究特征，尽管研究的空间规模通常与研究设计和寄生虫类型相关，这凸显了进行额外多尺度研究的必要性。很少有研究在低多样性下缺失大量数据，但在低多样性下缺失数据可能会导致扩增的漏报。实验可能会丢失高多样性的数据，这可能会导致稀释度报告不足。尽管生物多样性与疾病的关系存在环境依赖性，但大多数保护都是在当地范围内实施的，生物多样性似乎可以抑制疾病，因此这些结果表明当地的保护行动可以降低疾病风险。意义陈述 有人认为，多样化的生态群落限制了疾病的传播，但这种模式的普遍性存在争议。因此，生物多样性保护能够在多大程度上限制有害流行病仍然悬而未决。我们通过分析 231 个已发表的生物多样性与疾病之间的关系来解决这个基本问题。我们发现证据表明，大多数生物多样性与疾病的关系是非线性的，并且与规模相关，生物多样性通常与中小规模疾病的减少有关，但在大范围内与疾病的增加有关。此外，这些结果对于低和高生物多样性水平的缺失数据以及宿主、寄生虫和研究特征的变化通常是稳健的。这表明旨在减少人类和野生动物疾病影响的保护工作将在当地范围内取得最大成功。
Diverse host communities commonly inhibit the spread of parasites in studies at small and intermediate scales, leading some to suggest that conserving biodiversity could help control infectious diseases. However, the generality of this “dilution effect” remains controversial. First, most studies assume a linear, monotonic relationship between biodiversity and disease, though the actual shape is unknown. Second, most studies are conducted at a single spatial scale, though biotic interactions are often-scale-dependent, thus spatial scale might determine the direction of biodiversity-disease relationships. Third, most studies focus only on a small range of possible diversity levels, though the direction of biodiversity-disease relationships may change outside of this range. By analyzing 231 biodiversity-disease relationships on 77 parasite species, we provide broad evidence that biodiversity-disease relationships are generally non-linear and moderated by spatial scale; biodiversity generally inhibits disease at local scales (<100 km2) and amplifies disease at regional scales (>1,000,000 km2). These effects did not depend on any tested host, parasite, or study characteristics, though the spatial scale of a study was often related to study design and parasite type, highlighting the need for additional multiscale research. Few studies were missing substantial data at low diversity, but missing data at low diversity could result in underreporting of amplification. Experiments might be missing data at high diversity, which could result in underreporting of dilution. Despite context-dependence in biodiversity-disease relationships, most conservation is implemented at local scales where biodiversity appears to inhibit disease and thus these results suggest that local conservation actions could reduce disease risk. Significance statement It has been suggested that diverse ecological communities limit disease spread, but the generality of this pattern is contentious. Therefore, the degree to which biodiversity conservation can limit harmful epidemics remains unresolved. We address this fundamental question by analyzing 231 published relationships between biodiversity and disease. We find evidence that most biodiversity-disease relationships are nonlinear and scale-dependent with biodiversity generally associated with reduced disease at small and intermediate scales, but increased disease at large scales. Moreover, these results were generally robust to missing data at low and high biodiversity levels and variation in host, parasite, and study characteristics. This suggests that conservation efforts aimed at reducing the impacts of human and wildlife diseases will be most successful at local scales.