Di-alkyl phosphate biomonitoring data: assessing cumulative exposure to organophosphate pesticides
Di-alkyl phosphate biomonitoring data: assessing cumulative exposure to organophosphate pesticides
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DOI：
10.1016/s0273-2300(03)00031-x
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发表时间：
2003-06-01
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Yarborough, C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Duggan, A;Charnley, G;Yarborough, C
1996年《食品质量保护法》(FQPA)要求对农药造成的总体和累积健康风险进行评估(FFDCA 408(B)(2)(D)(V)和(Vi))。有机磷(OP)农药是第一类接受FQPA强制聚合和累积评估的化学品。在这份报告中，对有机磷农药的六种烷基磷酸(AP)代谢物尿液水平的生物监测的摘要数据，如2001年3月美国疾病控制和预防中心(CDC)的初始《人类暴露于环境化学品的国家报告》中所报道的，与EPA在注册资格决定文件(REDS)、临时REDS中报告的OP暴露模型估计值以及EPA的有机磷农药累积风险评估中目前报告的累积暴露估计值进行了比较。这一比较表明，EPA对许多单独的OP的总暴露估计(饮食、饮用水和非膳食住宅暴露)大于基于CDC AP生物监测数据对所有OP的累积估计。结果还表明，美国环保局对有机磷农药的筛查水平评估，虽然是各种暴露源相对重要性的定性指标，但不是实际暴露量的良好定量指标。然而，累积OP暴露的平均生物监测估计似乎超过了EPA随后对累积OP暴露的初步估计，就像REDS似乎高估了生物监测结果一样。虽然人们很容易认识到在单个RED中高估暴露的保守性，但应用当前可用的CDC AP生物监测数据来评估人类对OP暴露的保守性和局限性并不是很明显。我们推测，非抗胆碱能、预水解的有机磷农药、农药以外的AP来源的口服吸收，以及以几何平均数计算每个AP的总暴露剂量的保守结果，都有助于从CDC生物监测数据中对吸收剂量进行非量化的高估。美国疾病控制与预防中心的AP生物监测数据在提供根据REDS使用的第一级模型估计的“地面真实”总暴露的吸收剂量上限方面可能是有用的，但充其量也只能为目前正在开发的复杂累积暴露评估模型提供一个可信的“目标”。随着累积风险暴露模型随着时间的推移和在收集AP生物监测样本时普遍存在的使用条件下得到验证，OP暴露水平定量估计的可靠性将会提高。应重新审视本文中的分析，并将其与美国疾病控制与预防中心关于人类接触环境化学品的第二份国家报告(CDC，2003年http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport)，)和2003年1月31日向公众发布的最终环保局OP累积风险评估(C)2003年爱思唯尔科学公司(美国)进行比较。版权所有。
The 1996 Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) requires the evaluation of both aggregate and cumulative health risks from pesticides (FFDCA 408(b)(2)(D)(v) and (vi).) Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are the first class of chemicals to undergo FQPA mandated aggregate and cumulative assessments. In this report, summary data on biomonitoring for urinary levels of six alkyl phosphate (AP) metabolites of OPs, as reported in the initial, March 2001, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) "National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals," are compared to EPA modeled estimates of OP exposure reported in Registration Eligibility Decision documents (REDs), Interim REDs and to currently reported cumulative exposure estimates in the EPA's Cumulative Risk Assessment of the Organophosphate Pesticides. This comparison indicates that EPA's aggregate exposure estimates (dietary, drinking water, and non-dietary residential exposures) for many individual OPs were greater than the cumulative estimate for all OPs combined based on the CDC AP biomonitoring data. The results also suggest that EPA's screening level assessments of OPs, while being qualitative indicators of the relative importance of various exposure sources, are not good quantitative indicators of actual exposures. However, the mean biomonitoring estimate of cumulative OP exposure appears to exceed the EPA's subsequent preliminary estimate of cumulative OP exposure by as much as the REDs appear to overestimate the biomonitoring results. While the conservatism, tendency to overestimate exposure, in the individual REDs is readily acknowledged, the conservatism and limitations of applying currently available CDC AP biomonitoring data to evaluate human exposure to OPs are not as readily apparent. We postulate that oral absorption of non-anti cholinergic, pre-hydrolyzed OPs, sources of APs other than pesticides, and the conservative result of summing exposure from each AP at the geometric mean contribute to non-quantified overestimates of absorbed dosage from the CDC biomonitoring data reported in March 2001. CDC AP biomonitoring data may serve a useful purpose in providing an upper bound estimate of absorbed dosage for "ground truthing" aggregate exposure estimated from first tier models used in REDs, but at best may provide only a credible "target" for the complex cumulative exposure assessment models currently under development. The reliability of quantitative estimates of OP exposure levels will improve as cumulative risk exposure models are validated over time and under use conditions prevalent at the time the AP biomonitoring samples are collected. Analyses contained herein should be revisited and compared to the CDC Second National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (CDC, 2003 http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport), released to the public on January 31, 2003, and the final EPA OP Cumulative Risk Assessment (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.