Human learning and memory.
Human learning and memory.
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人类的学习和记忆。
DOI：
10.1146/annurev.ps.38.020187.003215
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发表时间：
1987
影响因子：
24.8
通讯作者：
Hasher,L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Johnson,MK;Hasher,L
最近在学习和记忆领域有几个值得注意的趋势。情节/语义区分的问题变得更加明显，并且已经做出了新的努力（范例模型，分布式记忆模型）来表示一般知识而不假设单独的语义系统。人们不再强调稳定的、预先存储的原型，而是更加强调灵活的记忆系统，它为大量的类别或参考框架提供基础，并根据任务的需要在现场得出。人们越来越多地接受这样一种观点，即心理模型是在记忆表征之外构建和存储的，而不是代替记忆表征，记忆表征与感知联系得更紧密。这就产生了一些问题，涉及允许进行推论和构建心理模型的条件，以及有关感知和生成信息的记忆表征性质及其功能的相似性和差异性的问题。还有一个摇摆，从有意策略的兴趣到自动的，无意识的（甚至是机械的！）过程，反映了对某些情况（例如识别，频率判断，间接任务的节省，技能获取等方面）似乎并不依赖于战略，努力或反思过程的产品的认识。有一个生动的兴趣之间的关系，记忆措施，并试图表征记忆表示和/或过程，可能会引起措施之间的解离。结果的模式是否反映了记忆功能子系统的运作，如果是的话，”模块”是什么还远不清楚。这一问题在与健忘症患者的合作中得到了推动，并促进了研究人类学习和记忆的研究人员与研究动物学习和记忆的研究人员之间的互动。因此，作为跨学科刺激的来源，神经科学可以与计算机科学相媲美。对空间位置记忆、记忆与情感之间的关系以及自传体记忆等主题的研究提醒我们，仅基于语言材料研究的一般记忆理论是有限的。研究人们如何记忆复杂的自然事件，应该能为我们提供更多的记忆现象来解释，从而洞察更广泛的记忆原理，或者更深入地理解我们已经接受的记忆原理（例如重复的作用，编码特异性），包括它们对人类行为的功能意义。（400字处截断摘要）
There have been several notable recent trends in the area of learning and memory. Problems with the episodic/semantic distinction have become more apparent, and new efforts have been made (exemplar models, distributed-memory models) to represent general knowledge without assuming a separate semantic system. Less emphasis is being placed on stable, prestored prototypes and more emphasis on a flexible memory system that provides the basis for a multitude of categories or frames of reference, derived on the spot as tasks demand. There is increasing acceptance of the idea that mental models are constructed and stored in memory in addition to, rather than instead of, memorial representations that are more closely tied to perceptions. This gives rise to questions concerning the conditions that permit inferences to be drawn and mental models to be constructed, and to questions concerning the similarities and differences in the nature of the representations in memory of perceived and generated information and in their functions. There has also been a swing from interest in deliberate strategies to interest in automatic, unconscious (even mechanistic!) processes, reflecting an appreciation that certain situations (eg recognition, frequency judgements, savings in indirect tasks, aspects of skill acquisition, etc) seem not to depend much on the products of strategic, effortful or reflective processes. There is a lively interest in relations among memory measures and attempts to characterize memory representations and/or processes that could give rise to dissociations among measures. Whether the pattern of results reflects the operation of functional subsystems of memory and, if so, what the" modules" are is far from clear. This issue has been fueled by work with amnesics and has contributed to a revival of interaction between researchers studying learning and memory in humans and those studying learning and memory in animals. Thus, neuroscience rivals computer science as a source of interdisciplinary stimulation. Research on topics such as memory for spatial location, the relation between memory and affect, and autobiographical memory reminds us that general theories of memory based on studies of verbal materials alone are limited. Investigating how people remember complex natural events should provide us with a larger set of memory phenomena to explain and consequently insight into a wider range of memory principles or a deeper understanding of the ones we already accept (eg the role of repetition, encoding specificity), including their functional significance for human behavior.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)