Co-invaders: The effects of alien parasites on native hosts.
Co-invaders: The effects of alien parasites on native hosts.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ijppaw.2014.04.002
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发表时间：
2014-08
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
Morgan, David L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lymbery, Alan J;Morine, Mikayla;Kanani, Hosna Gholipour;Beatty, Stephen J;Morgan, David L
共同引入的寄生虫被运送到一个新的地区与外来宿主。共同入侵的寄生虫是那些共同引入并从外来宿主转换到本地宿主的寄生虫。间接生活史的共侵寄生虫与直接生活史的共侵寄生虫报告频率相同。共同入侵者通常在本地宿主中比在外来宿主中更具毒性。我们将共同引入的寄生虫定义为那些已经与外来宿主一起运输到新地点的寄生虫，它们的自然范围之外，共同入侵的寄生虫定义为那些已经共同引入然后传播到新的本地宿主的寄生虫。在已发表的98项共引入研究中，超过50%的宿主是淡水鱼，49%的寄生虫是蠕虫。虽然我们预计寄生虫简单，直接的生命周期更有可能被引入并建立在一个新的地方，相当大的比例（36%）的共同引进的寄生虫间接的生命周期。78%的共同引入的寄生虫在本地宿主物种中发现，因此可以被归类为共同入侵者。宿主转换在具有直接和间接生命周期的寄生虫中同样常见。共同入侵者对本地物种构成的威胁的程度将取决于寄生虫的毒力等因素。在16例中，共同引入的寄生虫已切换到本地主机和信息的相对毒力，14（85%）是更致命的本地主机比在共同引入的外来主机。我们认为，这并不一定支持天真的主机理论，共同入侵的寄生虫将有更大的致病作用，在本地主机，他们没有共同进化的历史，但可能是一个结果，而不是更大的可能性较低的毒力寄生虫在他们的自然宿主共同介绍。
Co-introduced parasites are transported to a new area with an alien host. Co-invading parasites are those which are co-introduced and switch from alien to native hosts. Co-invading parasites with indirect life cycles are reported as frequently as those with direct life cycles. Co-invaders are usually more virulent in native hosts than in alien hosts. We define co-introduced parasites as those which have been transported with an alien host to a new locality, outside of their natural range, and co-invading parasites as those which have been co-introduced and then spread to new, native hosts. Of 98 published studies of co-introductions, over 50% of hosts were freshwater fishes and 49% of parasites were helminths. Although we would expect parasites with simple, direct life cycles to be much more likely to be introduced and establish in a new locality, a substantial proportion (36%) of co-introductions were of parasites with an indirect life cycle. Seventy-eight per cent of co-introduced parasites were found in native host species and can therefore be classed as co-invaders. Host switching was equally common among parasites with direct and indirect life cycles. The magnitude of the threat posed to native species by co-invaders will depend, among other things, on parasite virulence. In 16 cases where co-introduced parasites have switched to native hosts and information was available on relative virulence, 14 (85%) were more virulent in native hosts than in the co-introduced alien host. We argue that this does not necessarily support the naïve host theory that co-invading parasites will have greater pathogenic effects in native hosts with which they have no coevolutionary history, but may instead be a consequence of the greater likelihood for parasites with lower virulence in their natural host to be co-introduced.