How smartphone usage correlates with social anxiety and loneliness.
How smartphone usage correlates with social anxiety and loneliness.
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作者：
Gao Y;Li A;Zhu T;Liu X;Liu X
导言：及早发现社交焦虑和孤独可能有助于防止人际关系的实质性损害。了解人们使用智能手机的方式有助于及早发现社交焦虑和孤独。这篇论文考察了不同类型的智能手机使用，以及它们与不同个体社交焦虑或孤独程度的人之间的关系。方法：共有127名Android智能手机志愿者参与了这项研究，他们都同意在自己的智能手机上安装一款应用程序(MobileSens)，该应用程序可以记录用户的智能手机使用行为，并将数据上传到服务器。他们被要求完成一项在线调查，包括互动焦虑量表(IAS)和加州大学洛杉矶分校孤独量表(UCLA-LS)。然后，我们根据参与者的IAS和UCLA-LS得分将他们分为三组(高、中、低)。最后，我们从MobileSens获得了智能手机使用的数字记录，并检验了IAS/UCLA-LS高分组和低分组在105种智能手机使用行为上的差异。结果：社交焦虑或孤独得分不同的人可能会以不同的方式使用智能手机。在社交焦虑方面，与低分组用户相比，高分组用户的电话次数(来电和呼出)更少(曼惠特尼U=282.50∼409.00，p；0.05)，下午收发短信的次数更少(曼惠特尼U=391.50∼411.50，p；0.05)，使用健康健身应用程序的频率更高(曼惠特尼U=493.00，p；lt；更少使用相机应用程序(曼惠特尼大学=472.00，p<；0.05)。在孤独感方面，在低分组中，高分组的用户打电话次数(来电和呼出)较少(曼惠特尼U=305.00∼407.50，p<；0.05)，使用以下应用的频率更高：健康与健身(曼惠特尼U=510.00，p；0.05)，系统(曼惠特尼U=314.00，p<；0.01)，手机美化(曼惠特尼U=385.00，p网络浏览器(曼惠特尼U=416.00，P<；0.05)和社交媒体(人人网)(曼惠特尼U=388.50，P<；0.01)。讨论：结果显示，社交焦虑或孤独的人收到的来电较少，使用健康应用程序的频率较高，但他们在与呼出电话相关的功能上没有表现出差异。社交焦虑程度越高的人收到的短信也更少，使用相机应用的频率也更低，而孤独的人往往更频繁地使用系统、美容、浏览器和社交媒体(人人网)应用。结论：智能手机使用与社交焦虑、孤独感之间存在一定的相关关系。这一结果可能有助于改善那些在日常生活中缺乏社交互动的人的社交互动，并可能对通过智能手机使用行为识别个人社交焦虑和孤独水平具有洞察力。
Introduction: Early detection of social anxiety and loneliness might be useful to prevent substantial impairment in personal relationships. Understanding the way people use smartphones can be beneficial for implementing an early detection of social anxiety and loneliness. This paper examines different types of smartphone usage and their relationships with people with different individual levels of social anxiety or loneliness. Methods: A total of 127 Android smartphone volunteers participated in this study, all of which have agreed to install an application (MobileSens) on their smartphones, which can record user’s smartphone usage behaviors and upload the data into the server. They were instructed to complete an online survey, including the Interaction Anxiousness Scale (IAS) and the University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS). We then separated participants into three groups (high, middle and low) based on their scores of IAS and UCLA-LS, respectively. Finally, we acquired digital records of smartphone usage from MobileSens and examined the differences in 105 types of smartphone usage behaviors between high-score and low-score group of IAS/UCLA-LS. Results: Individuals with different scores on social anxiety or loneliness might use smartphones in different ways. For social anxiety, compared with users in low-score group, users in high-score group had less number of phone calls (incoming and outgoing) (Mann-Whitney U = 282.50∼409.00, p < 0.05), sent and received less number of text messages in the afternoon (Mann-Whitney U = 391.50∼411.50, p < 0.05), used health & fitness apps more frequently (Mann-Whitney U = 493.00, p < 0.05) and used camera apps less frequently (Mann-Whitney U = 472.00, p < 0.05). For loneliness, users in low-score group, users in high-score group had less number of phone calls (incoming and outgoing) (Mann-Whitney U = 305.00∼407.50, p < 0.05) and used following apps more frequently: health & fitness (Mann-Whitney U = 510.00, p < 0.05), system (Mann-Whitney U = 314.00, p < 0.01), phone beautify (Mann-Whitney U = 385.00, p < 0.05), web browser (Mann-Whitney U = 416.00, p < 0.05) and social media (RenRen) (Mann-Whitney >U = 388.50, p < 0.01). Discussion: The results show that individuals with social anxiety or loneliness receive less incoming calls and use healthy applications more frequently, but they do not show differences in outgoing-call-related features. Individuals with higher levels of social anxiety also receive less SMSs and use camera apps less frequently, while lonely individuals tend to use system, beautify, browser and social media (RenRen) apps more frequently. Conclusion: This paper finds that there exists certain correlation among smartphone usage and social anxiety and loneliness. The result may be useful to improve social interaction for those who lack social interaction in daily lives and may be insightful for recognizing individual levels of social anxiety and loneliness through smartphone usage behaviors.