The Interplay of Internal and External Factors in Grammatical Change: First-person Plural Pronouns in French
The Interplay of Internal and External Factors in Grammatical Change: First-person Plural Pronouns in French
复制标题
语法变化中内部和外部因素的相互作用：法语中的第一人称复数代词
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
R. Mougeon
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ruth King;France Martineau;R. Mougeon
在当代欧洲法语口语中，on的意思是“我们”，是主要的第一人称复数变体，在很大程度上取代了它的竞争对手nous。然而，关于on的支配地位是否是19世纪末20世纪初相当迅速的变化的结果，或者on的用法是否实际上有一个可以追溯到几个世纪的强大传统，有相当多的争论。在这篇文章中，我们跟踪的轨迹，第一人称复数代词的变化超过四个世纪的使用和调查的作用，语言和语言外的制约因素，分析的基础上的数据，从戏剧和戏仿对话，元语言评论（语法学家，词典编纂者，和语言学家），和自然的数据（社会语言学采访）。该研究不仅涉及对on和nous用法的定量和定性分析，这是文献中典型的变体，而且还关注je与第一人称复数结尾-on的组合使用，这是一个在早期研究中没有充分考虑的低级变体。我们发现，在19世纪后半叶，下层阶级的言语中确实发生了一种向主导on的转变，但直到20世纪，on才被上层阶级所采用。此外，下层阶级并不直接从je到on，而是经过一个中间阶段，其中nous是占主导地位的变体，这一过渡被解释为代词系统中向更大分析性的一般转变的一部分。我们发现，在所研究的大部分时间里，on主要与非限制性参考有关，只有在变化加速时才能在限制性参考环境中接管。然后，我们比较欧洲法语的变化和变化，在保守和创新的新世界品种，品种与密切相关的语法，但不同的关于他们的历史和社会语言学的设置中，他们说。这种比较允许进一步测试和确认的分析提出的欧洲法语。
In contemporary spoken European French, on meaning 'we' is the predominant first-person plural variant, having largely supplanted its competitor, nous. There is, however, considerable debate as to whether the domination of on is the result of fairly rapid change in the late nineteenth/early twentieth centuries or whether there is actually a robust tradition of on usage going back several centuries. In this article, we trace the trajectory of first-person plural pronominal variation over four centuries of usage and investigate the role of both linguistic and extralinguistic conditioning factors, an analysis based on data from plays and parodic dialogues, metalinguistic commentary (by grammarians, lexicographers, and philologists), and naturalistic data (sociolinguistic interviews). The study not only involves quantitative and qualitative analysis of on and nous usage, the variants typically considered in the literature, but also focuses on the use of je in combination with the first-person plural ending -ons, a lower-class variant not sufficiently taken into account in earlier studies. We show that a shift toward dominant on does take place in the latter half of the nineteenth century in lower-class speech, but on is not adopted by the upper classes until the twentieth century. Further, the lower class does not move directly from je to on but rather passes through an intermediate stage wherein nous is the dominant variant, a transition interpreted as part of a general shift toward greater analycity in the pronominal system. We show that for much of the period under study, on is primarily associated with unrestricted reference, taking over in restricted reference contexts only as the change accelerates. We then compare variation and change in European French to what has obtained in both conservative and innovative New World varieties, varieties with closely related grammars but that differ with regard to their history and to the sociolinguistic settings in which they are spoken. This comparison allows further testing and confirmation of the analyses put forward for European French.