Social networking and mental health: looking beyond frequency of use and towards mechanisms of action.
Social networking and mental health: looking beyond frequency of use and towards mechanisms of action.
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社交网络和心理健康：超越使用频率并着眼于行动机制。
DOI：
10.1038/s41386-020-0629-8
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发表时间：
2020
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Beard,Courtney
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Timpano,KiaraR;Beard,Courtney
社交网站在日常生活中无处不在。最近估计，Facebook的月活跃用户超过24亿。虽然社交媒体平台可以用来寻求同伴的支持，并可能提供更大的社区感，但社交媒体的使用也越来越多地被认为是年轻人群中精神疾病和自杀率急剧上升的可能解释[1]。根据这一概念，研究社交网站使用，心理健康结果（例如，抑郁，焦虑，孤独）和有问题的健康行为（例如，物质使用）之间的关联在过去几年中呈指数级增长（元分析，见[2]）。然而，尽管有强有力的假设，但社交媒体使用与心理健康症状之间关联的实际效应量估计值很小且不可靠[3]。这些混合结果的一个关键解释在于研究操作社交媒体使用的不一致方式。通常重点只是使用的频率或持续时间，而不是使用的类型或动机。例如，虽然被动使用（例如，被动观看）可能与更严重的精神症状相关，但其他类型的使用（例如，发布或评论）可能与改善的幸福感和公民参与有关[2]。由于缺乏前瞻性和实验性研究，对这一专题的研究受到进一步限制。虽然社交媒体的使用可能会增加抑郁和焦虑症状，但抑郁或焦虑的恶化同样可能导致被动社交媒体使用的增加。此外，缺乏纵向研究，可以帮助澄清因果关系的潜在发展或队列差异;使用社交网站的老年人和年轻人之间的使用类型和心理健康结果之间的关联可能不同[1]。横截面研究的优势在识别社交媒体使用和心理健康症状之间的潜在机制方面提出了一个特殊的挑战。在为数不多的实验研究中，与继续使用Facebook的学生相比，从Facebook上休息一周的学生的幸福感得到了改善，积极情绪也有所增加。这些影响对于那些重度或被动使用的人尤其明显，以及那些在查看帖子时赞同嫉妒的人[4]。目前尚不清楚的是，被动或大量使用是如何导致消极情绪增加的，以及这种影响是否具体。缺乏研究集中在机制，因此意味着该领域缺乏一个全面的理论模型来解释目前的混合结果。鉴于社交网站的指数增长和初步证据表明，某些形式的社交媒体使用可能会导致或恶化精神病理学，一项战略研究计划
Social networking sites have become ubiquitous in daily life. A recent estimate of monthly active Facebook users alone is over 2.4 billion. While social media platforms can be used to seek peer support and may provide a greater sense of community, social media use has increasingly also been evoked as a possible explanation for the dramatic rise in mental illness and suicide observed in younger cohorts [1]. In line with this notion, studies examining the association between social networking site usage, mental health outcomes (eg, depression, anxiety, loneliness), and problematic health behaviors (eg, substance use) have grown exponentially over the past few years (for a meta-analysis, see [2]). Yet despite strong hypotheses, actual effect size estimates of the association between social media use and mental health symptoms are small in magnitude and unreliable [3]. One key explanation for these mixed findings lies in the inconsistent ways studies operationalize social media use. Often the focus is simply on frequency or duration of use rather than types of, or motivations for use. For example, whereas passive use (eg, passively viewing) may be associated with worse psychiatric symptoms, other types of use (eg, posting or commenting) may be associated with improved well-being and civic engagement [2]. Research on this topic is further limited by a lack of prospective and experimental studies. While social media usage may increase depression and anxiety symptoms, it is equally plausible that worsening depression or anxiety leads to an increase in passive social media use. Longitudinal research is furthermore lacking that could help clarify potential developmental or cohort differences in causality; associations between types of use and mental health outcomes may differ between older and younger adults using social networking sites [1].The preponderance of cross-sectional studies presents a particular challenge in identifying potential mechanisms linking social media use and mental health symptoms. In one of the few experimental studies, students who took a 1-week break from Facebook experienced improved well-being and increases in positive mood, compared with those with continued Facebook usage. These effects were especially pronounced for those with heavy or passive usage, and those who endorsed envy while viewing posts [4]. What remains less clear is exactly how passive or heavy use contributes to increased negative mood, and whether that effect is specific. The lack of studies focused on mechanisms consequently means that the field lacks a comprehensive theoretical model to explain the current mixed findings. Given the exponential growth of social networking sites and preliminary evidence that some forms of social media use may cause or worsen psychopathology, a strategic program of research