Lessons learned from Fukushima, Japan: in what ways can the social sciences help to mitigate some of the health impacts of disaster?
Lessons learned from Fukushima, Japan: in what ways can the social sciences help to mitigate some of the health impacts of disaster?
复制标题
日本福岛的经验教训：社会科学可以通过哪些方式帮助减轻灾难对健康的影响？
DOI：
10.1093/qjmed/hcz165
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发表时间：
2020
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Ozaki A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ozaki A
日本福岛地震、海啸、核灾难三重灾难1已过去8年多；人们很容易将这一事件视为过去的事情。恢复工作的迹象之一是取消疏散令。 2019 年 4 月 10 日，位于福岛沿海地区、受损核电站所在的大隈町发布的部分疏散令被解除，允许当地居民返回。 2 然而，福岛灾难的恢复工作仍面临诸多障碍。灾难反应和事件引起的社会动乱所造成的不利社会和健康影响持续存在，并且随着撤离人员返回之前的禁区，甚至还会继续扩大。例如，福岛受影响地区的地方政府对老年居民的疗养院护理支出意外增加。 3 虽然老年居民返回灾后重新开放的城市，但年轻一代和中年一代却没有。 4 结果，老年人的非专业支持系统变得不稳定，给个人和医疗机构带来了额外的负担。以大隈镇为例，在 11 515 名疏散人员（截至 2010 年 10 月 1 日）中，只有约 50 名疏散人员在重新开放后立即返回原来的住所。 2 然而，相关利益攸关方尚不清楚长期支持这些回返者的可持续措施。显而易见的是，仅靠医学方法无法缓解此类问题：需要采用跨学科方法，结合对背景的社会、经济和政治理解。在理解社会结构、制度、关系和经验支撑灾难及其健康后果的方式时，批判的社会科学观点可能没有得到充分利用。 2019 年 4 月 15 日至 17 日，在经济和社会研究理事会（拨款号 ES/S013903/1）的支持下，福岛医科大学和南相马市综合医院启动了一个题为“健康、风险、灾难（HeaRD）：社会科学和灾后社区重建”的网络，这两所医院在 2011 年福岛灾难后的研究和医疗保健提供中发挥了核心作用。该活动的首要目标是分享从福岛事故中汲取的经验教训，将社会科学的观点纳入正在进行的恢复工作，将这些理解扩展到其他灾难环境，并在社会科学、人文学科和关键公共卫生研究人员之间开发新的交流机会。为此，来自英国和日本的跨学科学者团队与当地受影响社区的成员一起讨论了社会科学和关键公共卫生未来如何合作以减轻灾难后果。在为期 3 天的活动中，来自日本和英国学术界以及当地社区的 26 名演讲者发表了以下主题的演讲：
More than 8years have elapsed since the triple disaster (earthquake, tsunami and nuclear disaster) in Fukushima, Japan 1; it can be tempting to view the event as a thing of the past. One of the signs of recovery efforts is the lifting of evacuation orders. On 10 April 2019, part of the evacuation order issued in Okuma town, which is a municipality located in the coastal area of Fukushima and houses the damaged nuclear power plant, was lifted, allowing for the return of the local residents. 2 However, restoration work of the Fukushima disaster still faces a lot of obstacles. Adverse social and health impacts resultant from the reactions to the disaster and the social upheaval caused by the events persist, and with the returning of evacuees to the previous exclusion zones, even continue to expand. For example, local municipalities in the affected areas of Fukushima have seen an unexpected rise of the expenditure on nursing home care for senior residents. 3 While elderly residents returned to municipalities reopened after the disaster, younger and middle-aged generations did not. 4 As a result, lay support systems for the elderly have been de-stablised, resulting in both additional burdens to the individual and to health care institutions. In the case of Okuma town, only around 50 evacuees out of 11 515 (as of 1 October 2010) returned to their original residences immediately after its re-opening. 2 However, a sustainable measure to support these returnees in the long term is not yet clear to the relevant stakeholders. What is clear is that such issues cannot be mitigated by medical approaches alone: an interdisciplinary approach incorporating social, economic and political understandings of the context is needed. Critical social scientific perspectives have not perhaps been adequately harnessed in understanding the way in which social structures, institutions, relationships and experiences underpin disaster and its health consequences. From 15–17 April 2019, under the support of the Economic and Social Research Council (grant number ES/S013903/1), a network entitled ‘Health, Risk, Disaster (HeaRD): Social Science and Post-Disaster Community Reconstruction’was launched at Fukushima Medical University and Minamisoma Municipal General Hospital, both of which have played central roles in research and health care delivery after the 2011 Fukushima disaster. An overarching aim of the event was to share lessons learned from Fukushima, to incorporate social science perspectives on the ongoing recovery work, to extend these understandings to other disaster contexts, and to develop new networking opportunities between the social science, humanities and critical public health researchers. To this end, an interdisciplinary team of academics from the UK and Japan joined members of the local affected community to discuss ways that the social sciences and critical public health could collaborate in the future to mitigate the consequences of disaster. Over the course of the 3-day event 26 speakers, from the academic community in Japan and the UK, as well as from the local community, presented on: