THE HISTORY, DEVELOPMENT AND THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE RADON MEASUREMENT PROGRAMME IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
THE HISTORY, DEVELOPMENT AND THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE RADON MEASUREMENT PROGRAMME IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
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DOI：
10.1093/rpd/ncv213
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发表时间：
2015-11-01
影响因子：
1
通讯作者：
George, A. C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
George, A. C.
美国氡气测量计划于 20 世纪 50 年代末铀矿热潮期间由美国公共卫生服务部门在科罗拉多州、新墨西哥州和犹他州启动。 1967 年国会就铀矿工作条件举行听证会后，美国原子能委员会 (AEC) 被要求对活跃的铀矿进行研究，以评估科罗拉多高原和新墨西哥州矿工的暴露情况。 1967年至1972年，美国AEC纽约健康与安全实验室对新墨西哥州4个大型铀矿中的20多个铀矿进行了氡及氡衰变产物浓度和粒径的调查。 1970年，美国环境保护署（EPA）成立，接管了AEC的部分氡气测量活动。 1975年至1978年间，美国能源部环境测量实验室在美国进行了首次详细的室内氡气调查。 1984 年晚些时候，在宾夕法尼亚州的住宅中发现了极高浓度的氡气，这推动了美国氡工业的诞生。美国环保署扩大了对氡气问题的参与，并通过建立国家氡气熟练计划来评估氡气测量和缓解方法的有效性，发挥了积极作用。 1998 年，由于资源有限，EPA 将氡计划私有化。本文提出了对美国氡计划的过去事件和现状的个人观点。它将介绍氡健康影响、美国肺癌发病率以及 1988 年至 2013 年使用短期测试方法进行的氡测量数量的最新情况。过去 25 年进行了超过 2300 万次测量，成功缓解了超过 124 万户家庭的压力。估计
The US radon measurement programme began in the late 1950s by the US Public Health Service in Colorado, New Mexico and Utah during the uranium frenzy. After the 1967 Congressional Hearings on the working conditions in uranium mines, the US Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was asked to conduct studies in active uranium mines to assess the exposure of the miners on the Colorado Plateau and in New Mexico. From 1967 to 1972, the Health and Safety Laboratory of the US AEC in New York investigated more than 20 uranium mines for radon and radon decay product concentrations and particle size in 4 large uranium mines in New Mexico. In 1970, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was established and took over some of the AEC radon measurement activities. Between 1975 and 1978, the Environmental Measurements Laboratory of the US Department of Energy conducted the first detailed indoor radon survey in the USA. Later in 1984, the very high concentrations of radon found in Pennsylvania homes set the wheels in motion and gave birth to the US Radon Industry. The US EPA expanded its involvement in radon issues and assumed an active role by establishing the National Radon Proficiency Program to evaluate the effectiveness of radon measurement and mitigation methods. In 1998, due to limited resources EPA privatised the radon programme. This paper presents a personal perspective of past events and current status of the US radon programme. It will present an update on radon health effects, the incidence rate of lung cancer in the USA and the number of radon measurements made from 1988 to 2013 using short-term test methods. More than 23 million measurements were made in the last 25 y and as a result more than 1.24 million homes were mitigated successfully. It is estimated that