Population and social characteristics of the tamarao (Bubalus mindorensis)
Population and social characteristics of the tamarao (Bubalus mindorensis)
复制标题
塔玛劳 (Bubalus Mindorensis) 的种群和社会特征
DOI：
10.2307/2388495
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发表时间：
1986
期刊：
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
D. W. Kuehn
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. W. Kuehn
在珠穆朗玛峰20平方公里的研究区域内，至少发生了51只罗望子(Bubalus Mindorens)。伊格利特野生动物保护区和鸟类保护区，西方民多罗岛，菲律宾。幼年公牛Tamarao形成的群体与幼年水牛(Bubalus Bubalis)相似，但成年Tamarao不像水牛那样形成氏族或聚集体。Tamarao在它被描述之前很久就被知道了(Heude 1888，Steere 1888)，但它经常与Anoa(Bubalus[Anoaj depresicorris，Bubalus IIAnoa1 Quarlesi)(Everett 1878)混淆。分类学家现在一致认为，罗望鱼是水牛属的一员，但Bohlken(1958)认为它是水牛的一个亚种，Groves(1969)最近给予它特定的地位。虽然塔马劳在更新世(拜尔1957)期间出现在吕宋岛，但在历史时期，它们一直被限制在菲律宾的明多罗岛。自1936年以来，Tamarao一直受到法律保护，但Harper(1945)警告说，该物种面临早期灭绝，主要是由于栖息地破坏和偷猎。1900年大约有10,000人(哈里森1969a)，塔马劳人在1949年减少到约1000人，1953年减少到244人(曼努埃尔1957)。到1969年，只有100只塔马罗人被认为居住在明多罗的四个地区(Harrisson 1969b，Alvarez 1970)。这座90平方公里的山。英格利特野生动物保护区和鸟类保护区于1961年在四个民多罗地区之一建立，1969年扩大到755平方公里。塔尔博特和塔尔博特(1966)估计，至少有17名塔马罗人在山上幸存下来。伊格利特在1964年；五年后，哈里森(1969年b)估计至少有20个人留下来。本文提出了在野外判断罗望子年龄的标准，并在山上20平方公里的研究区域记录了罗望子的种群特征。Iglit，并比较了在人类到来之前其活动范围被茂密森林覆盖的Tamarao的行为(Landicho 1952，Wernstedt&Spencer 1967)，以及适应更开放的栖息地的水牛的行为(Halder 1973)。研究区域研究区域位于贯穿民多罗内陆的山脉的山脚下，包括20平方公里的山区。避难所总部以东的伊格利特避难所。海拔从300米到1000米不等。研究区大部分由几个山脊组成，北面、东面和南面以陡峭的山脊为界。两条河常年流淌，几条小溪只流进来
A minimum of 51 tamarao (Bubalus mindorensis) occurred in a 20-km2 study area at the Mt. Iglit Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuary, Occidental Mindoro, the Philippines. Juvenile bull tamarao formed groups similar to those in juvenile water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), but adult tamarao did not form clans or aggregations like buffalo. THE TAMARAO WAS KNOWN long before it was described (Heude 1888, Steere 1888), but it frequently was confused with the anoa (Bubalus [Anoaj depressicornis, Bubalus IIAnoa1 quarlesi) (Everett 1878). Taxonomists now agree that the tamarao is a member of the genus Bubalus, but Bohlken (1958) considered it a subspecies of the water buffalo, and Groves (1969) more recently accorded it specific status. Although tamarao occurred on Luzon during the Pleistocene (Beyer 1957), during historic times they have been restricted to the island of Mindoro in the Philippines. Tamarao have been legally protected since 1936, but Harper (1945) warned that the species faced early extinction primarily due to habitat destruction and poaching. Numbering perhaps 10,000 in 1900 (Harrisson 1969a), the tamarao population decreased to about 1000 in 1949 and 244 in 1953 (Manuel 1957). By 1969 only 100 tamarao were believed to inhabit four regions in Mindoro (Harrisson 1969b, Alvarez 1970). The 90-km2 Mt. Iglit Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuary was established in one of the four Mindoro regions in 1961 and was enlarged to 755 km2 in 1969. Talbot and Talbot (1966) estimated a minimum of 17 tamarao survived at Mt. Iglit in 1964; five years later Harrisson (1969b) estimated at least 20 remained. This paper offers criteria for estimating the age of tamarao in the field, documents population characteristics of tamarao on a 20-km2 study area at Mt. Iglit, and compares the behavior of tamarao, whose range was heavily forested before human arrival (Landicho 1952, Wernstedt & Spencer 1967), with that of the water buffalo, which is adapted to more open habitat (Halder 1973). STUDY AREA The study area lies in the foothills of the mountain range that runs through Mindoro's interior and includes 20 km2 of the Mt. Iglit Refuge east of the refuge headquarters. Elevation ranges from 300 to 1000 m. Most of the study area is comprised of several ridges, and it is bounded by ranges of steep ridges to the north, east, and south. Two rivers flow year round and several streams flow only in