Conservation through community use of plant resources Establishing collaborative management at Bwindi Impenetrable and Mgahinga Gorilla National Parks, Uganda
Conservation through community use of plant resources Establishing collaborative management at Bwindi Impenetrable and Mgahinga Gorilla National Parks, Uganda
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通过社区利用植物资源进行保护 在乌干达布温迪大猩猩国家公园和姆加新加大猩猩国家公园建立协作管理
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发表时间：
1996
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通讯作者：
J. Mutebi
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作者：
J. Mutebi
随着乌干达摆脱政治不稳定，该国的生物多样性保护得到了加强。从1991年到1993年，除了现有的四个稀树草原公园外，又宣布了六个新的森林国家公园。在乌干达不断变化的政治和社会背景下，面对责任增加的挑战，乌干达国家公园（UNP；自1996年以来：乌干达野生动物管理局，UWA）正在积极探索当地参与和与社区分享利益，以实现有效的公园管理。自1988年以来，国际援外社（CARE International）与政府机构、当地社区、其他非政府组织和捐助者合作开展的“通过保护发展”（Development-ThroughConservation， DTC）项目一直试图调和当地需求与布温迪密林和姆加辛加森林的森林保护之间的关系。布温迪密林和姆加辛加森林在1991年被宣布为国家公园，此前分别被列为森林保护区和动物保护区。这两个公园是非洲山区的森林块，曾经延伸到乌干达西南部的大部分地区，进入卢旺达和Zaïre的森林的遗迹。公园周围密集的人口（每平方公里200-400人）对森林资源有迫切的需求，现在公园边界以外几乎没有森林了。开发计划署决定允许使用保护区内的资源，作为分享利益的一种方式。执行这项决定需要一个与社区合作的过程，以便在开发计划署和森林周围的民间教区之间规划和实施森林资源的协作管理。允许在公园范围内使用资源，部分是承认当地社区不应该承担所有的保护成本；在布温迪和姆加欣加，合作管理过程显示，指定为国家公园需要社区承担相当大的费用，如果要有效地保护森林，就必须解决这个问题。1992年在Bwindi，公园和DTC项目的工作人员与毗邻公园的三个民事教区的居民开始了规划和评价资源利用的试点过程。这一进程导致签署了合作管理森林资源的书面协议。在姆加辛加大猩猩国家公园，这一过程始于1993年。协作管理过程的关键是拥有当地人民信任的社区组织，如abataka（公民团体）、engozi（担架团体）和当地抵抗委员会（rc），以及当地资源使用者的知识，如草药师、编织者和养蜂人。在与社区合作的过程中，从参与式农村评估和逻辑框架分析中提取和调整了工具。试验了一个快速评估有用物种脆弱性的系统，该系统结合了从科学文献中获得的社会和生物数据、对当地资源使用者的了解和生态原则，以便确定在可持续利用和过度开发之间差距很小的物种。通过一系列乡村讲习班和森林调查，每个教区建立了一个具有管理目标和选举成员的森林协会。教区指定的人有权从被称为多用途区域的精心挑选的森林区域获取特定资源。对于每一种资源，指定采收者的名单、采收数量和采收时间都载于开发计划署与个别教区之间的谅解备忘录中。这些谅解备忘录也对实施、执行、监督和修改作出规定。根据这些协定，1994年底开始在布温迪密林采收。资源使用者收集的资源数量很少，在森林中花费的时间也很少。已经开始对每项活动进行监测，并建立了机制，以尽量减少与山地大猩猩的互动。社区和公园工作人员之间的关系已经开始改善，超越了冲突和敌意。虽然现在评价布温迪密林国家公园内资源利用的长期影响还为时过早，但是分享信息和谈判协议的漫长过程应该会增加成功的机会。
Biodiversity conservation in Uganda has strengthened as the country has emerged from political instability. From 1991-1993, six new forest national parks were declared, adding to the four existing savanna parks. Facing the challenges of increased responsibilities in the changing political and social context of Uganda, Uganda National Parks (UNP; since 1996: Uganda Wildlife Authority, UWA) is actively exploring local participation and benefit sharing with communities for effective park management. Since 1988, the Development-ThroughConservation (DTC) project undertaken by CARE International in collaboration with government institutions, local communities, other NGOs and donors has been attempting to reconcile local needs with forest conservation at Bwindi Impenetrable and Mgahinga Forests, which were declared National Parks in 1991 after previous protection as Forest Reserve and Animal Sanctuary, respectively. These two parks are Afromontane forest blocks, remnants of a forest which once extended over much of southwest Uganda and into Rwanda and Zaïre. There is an acute need for forest resources among the dense human populations surrounding the parks (200-400 people per km2) and virtually no forest now remains outside the park boundaries. The decision was taken by UNP to allow the use of resources from within the protected areas as one way of benefit sharing. Implementation of this decision required a process of working with communities to plan and effect collaborative management of forest resources between UNP and civil parishes surrounding the forests. Allowing resource use from within the park boundaries is in part a recognition that local communities should not have to bear all the costs of conservation; at Bwindi and Mgahinga, the collaborative management process revealed that the designation as National Parks entailed considerable costs borne by the communities which needed to be addressed if forest conservation was to be effective. In 1992 at Bwindi, staff from the park and the DTC project with residents of three of the civil parishes adjoining the park embarked on a pilot process of planning and evaluating resource use. This process has resulted in written agreements being signed for collaborative management of forest resources. At Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, this process began in 1993. Crucial to the process of collaborative management are community organizations which have the confidence of local people, such as the abataka (citizen’s group), the engozi (stretcher groups) and the local Resistance Councils (RCs) as well as the knowledge of local resource users such as herbalists, basketmakers and beekeepers. In working with communities, tools were drawn and adapted from Participatory Rural Appraisal and Logical Framework Analysis. A system for rapid assessment of the vulnerability of useful species was tested, which combines social and biological data drawn from scientific literature, the knowledge of local resource users and ecological principles, in order to identify species where the margin between sustainable use and over-exploitation is narrow. Through a series of village workshops and forest surveys, each parish established a Forest Society with management objectives and elected members. Parishes nominated people entitled to harvest specific resources from carefully selected areas of the forest known as multiple-use zones. For each resource, the list of nominated harvesters, quantities harvested and timing of harvesting were set out in Memoranda of Understanding between UNP and the individual parishes. These MoUs also make provision for implementation, enforcement, monitoring and modification. Harvesting under these agreements began at Bwindi Impenetrable in late 1994. The resource users collect small quantities of resources and spend little time in the forest. Monitoring of each activity has been initiated and mechanisms have been put in place to minimize interaction with mountain gorillas. Relations between communities and park staff have begun to improve and move beyond conflict and hostility. Although it is too early to evaluate the longterm impact of resource use within Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, the lengthy process of sharing information and negotiating agreements should improve the chances of success.