Mapping incentives for sustainable water use: global potential, local pathways
Mapping incentives for sustainable water use: global potential, local pathways
复制标题
制定可持续用水的激励措施：全球潜力、当地路径
DOI：
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发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
T. Iseman
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
C. Wight;D. Garrick;T. Iseman
对淡水资源的争夺正在加剧水资源短缺及其对人、经济和环境的影响，对可持续发展构成越来越大的挑战。应对这些挑战将需要鼓励可持续用水的激励措施。以前呼吁从供应驱动的解决方案转向需求管理的软路径(定价、市场、行为变化)都遇到了顽固的障碍。我们对水资源重新分配和节水技术投资进行了多尺度评估，以了解它们在解决水资源短缺的不同驱动因素方面的潜力和限制。我们的模型确定了是什么导致了次流域规模的水资源稀缺，并考察了对这些驱动因素的两个突出反应。我们的分析根据对水的需求和它们的时机来区分不同类型的缺水，形成了九(9)种可能重叠的水竞争。农业对水的需求导致了94%的缺水流域的缺水，这些流域集中在美国中部、西班牙和印度。城市化在3057个子流域中的1596个(52%)导致了城市和农业之间的竞争。我们研究了不同的体制机制(基于激励的水重新分配)和技术(对节水技术的投资)如何能够解决这些不同类型的缺水问题。这项研究建立在几个地方和高分辨率模型的基础上，证明了提高用水的经济效率(和边际生产率)的潜力。然而，潜力和实施之间的差距很大。弥合优先地域这一差距的努力可以将建模进展与路径设计联系起来，将激励措施与强有力的水资源核算、水资源开采上限和多个尺度的执法能力相结合。
Competition for freshwater resources is intensifying water scarcity and its impacts on people, economies, and the environment, posing a growing challenge for sustainable development. Meeting these challenges will require incentives to encourage sustainable water use. Prior calls to shift from supply-driven solutions to a soft path of demand management (pricing, markets, behavioral changes) have encountered stubborn obstacles. We undertake a multi-scale assessment of water reallocation and investment in water conservation technologies to understand their potential and limits for addressing different drivers of water scarcity. Our model identifies what drives water scarcity at the subbasin scale, and examines two prominent responses to these drivers. Our analysis distinguishes different types of water scarcity based on the demands for water and their timing, creating nine (9) categories of water competition, which can overlap. Water demand within agriculture contributes to scarcity in 94% of the basins experiencing scarcity, concentrated in central USA, Spain, and India. Urbanization has led to competition between cities and agriculture in 1,596 of 3,057 subbasins (52%). We examine how different institutional mechanisms (incentive-based water reallocation) and technologies (investment in water conservation technologies) can address these different types of water scarcity. This study builds on several local and high-resolution models demonstrating the potential to increase the economic efficiency (and marginal productivity) of water use. The gap between potential and implementation is high, however. Efforts to bridge this gap in priority geographies can link modelling advances with the design of pathways that combine incentives with robust water accounting, caps on water extraction, and enforcement capacity at multiple scales.