China's new rural "separating three property rights" land reform results in grassland degradation: Evidence from Inner Mongolia
China's new rural "separating three property rights" land reform results in grassland degradation: Evidence from Inner Mongolia
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中国新农村“三权分置”土地改革导致草原退化：来自内蒙古的证据
DOI：
10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.11.052
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发表时间：
2018-02-01
期刊：
影响因子：
7.1
通讯作者：
Huang, Jianhui
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Li, Ang;Wu, Jianguo;Huang, Jianhui
中国目前正在实施“三权分离”改革，以巩固农村土地。这项改革将农村土地产权分为三个部分：不可交易的所有权、不可交易的承包权和不可交易的土地使用权。STPR改革以市场导向的草原使用权租赁方式作为草原整理的主要安排。然而，这种安排可能会破坏草原恢复的基石，即草原财产安全和生态系统服务支付（PES）政策。作为市场导向方式的另一种选择，还鼓励合作社巩固草原使用权。采用自然实验方法，系统研究了两种不同的土地整理方式对内蒙古主要草地生态系统服务的影响。租住草原除供给服务外，其余生态系统服务功能均严重退化。交易的草地使用权被认为是不安全的，这导致租户掠夺性地使用土地。相比之下，合作管理草原的生态系统服务功能没有出现严重退化。然而，这些合作社通过主要亲属关系来限制其群体规模，以避免搭便车问题；因此，它们不太可能成为草地整理的主要渠道。由于PES政策补贴仍然分配给草原承包者而不是租户，因此这些政策与租赁草原的保护无关。基于我们的分析，我们提出了几种改进农村土地所有权改革的方法，以避免中国草地退化的主要浪潮。
China is currently implementing the "separating three property rights" (STPR) reform to consolidate rural land. This reform divides rural land property rights into three components: nontradable ownership, nontradable contractual rights and tradable land use rights. The STPR reform adopts the rental of grassland use rights, a market-oriented approach, as the main arrangement for grassland consolidation. However, this arrangement may undermine the cornerstones of grassland restoration, which are the security of grassland property and payments for ecosystem services (PES) policies. As an alternative to the market-oriented approach, cooperatives are also encouraged to consolidate grassland use rights. We used a natural experiment approach to systematically examine how two different land consolidation arrangements affected key grassland ecosystem services in Inner Mongolia. In rented grasslands, all ecosystem services except provisioning services degenerated severely. Traded grassland use rights were perceived as insecure, which led to predatory land use by tenants. In contrast, cooperative-managed grasslands showed no serious degradation in ecosystem services. However, these cooperatives limited their group size by chief kinship to avoid the free-rider problem; thus, they are unlikely to become a primary channel of grassland consolidation. Because PES policy subsidies are still allocated to grassland contractors rather than to tenants, these policies are irrelevant to the conservation of rented grasslands. Based on our analysis, we suggest several ways to improve this new rural land property reform to avoid a major wave of grassland degradation in China.