Detection and ecological threats of PSII herbicide diuron on coral reefs around the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan.
Detection and ecological threats of PSII herbicide diuron on coral reefs around the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan.
复制标题
PSII 除草剂敌草隆对日本琉球群岛周围珊瑚礁的检测和生态威胁。
DOI：
10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.09.010
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发表时间：
2009
影响因子：
5.8
通讯作者：
T. Oomori
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Sheikh;H. Fujimura;T. Miyagi;Y. Uechi;T. Yokota;S. Yasumura;T. Oomori
珊瑚礁主要发现于热带和亚热带地区的浅海岸线（Suzuki 和 Kawahata，2003；Inoue 等，2004）。它们是世界上最有价值的自然资源之一，为沿海居民提供食品、药品、生态服务和收入来源。然而，近年来，珊瑚礁生态系统的可持续性因海洋污染、全球环境变化、棘冠海星的爆发（Hughes等，2003）和疾病（Santavy和Peters，1997）等一系列威胁而受到质疑。据估计，到 2030 年，世界上约 27% 的珊瑚礁已经消失，31% 预计将退化（Wilkinson，2000）。为了最大限度地减少珊瑚礁未来面临的威胁，需要采取更加综合的努力和新的保护方法（Downs 等，2005）。由冲绳群岛组成的琉球群岛具有独特的海洋生态重要性，拥有日本约 90% 的珊瑚礁。然而，由于家庭、农业、工业和航运活动造成的有害化学污染（Kitada 等，2008 年；Sheikh 等，2007 年；Tanabe 等，2008 年）、陆地径流（Omija，2004 年；Sakai，2004 年；West 和 van Woesik，2001 年）、发展性污染，琉球群岛周围珊瑚礁的健康状况不断恶化。项目（Nakano，2004 年）和自然干扰（Sano，2001 年）。敌草隆，[N0-(3, 4-二氯苯基)-N,N-二甲基脲] 是一种源自尿素的光合系统 II (PSII) 除草剂。欧盟委员会将其视为优先危险物质（Malato 等人，2002 年）。英国、瑞典、丹麦和法国等国家已限制敌草隆在防污涂料中的使用（Konstantinou 和 Albanis，2004 年；Giacomazzi 和 Cochet，2004 年）。在日本，敌草隆已广泛用于航运和农业活动的防污涂料中（Okamura 等，2003）。仅 2004 年，冲绳县就有约 11 吨敌草隆用于农业用途，这是日本除东京都以外该有毒物质使用量最高的地区。此外，冲绳大陆的城市地区使用大量敌草隆作为杂草控制（Kitada，2007）。
Coral reefs are mostly found in shallow coastlines of tropical and subtropical areas (Suzuki and Kawahata, 2003; Inoue et al., 2004). They are among of the world’s most valuable natural resources that provide food, medicines, ecological services and source of income for the coastal residences. However, in recent years, the sustainability of the coral reef ecosystems has been thrown into doubt by a number of threats including marine pollution, global environmental changes, outbreaks of crown-of-thorns starfish (Hughes et al., 2003) and disease (Santavy and Peters, 1997). It has been estimated that about 27% of the world’s coral reefs have already been lost and 31% have been projected to be degraded by 2030 (Wilkinson, 2000). More integrated efforts and new conservation approaches are necessary to minimize the threats facing coral reefs in future (Downs et al., 2005). Ryukyu Archipelago composed of Okinawa Islands has a unique marine ecological importance hosting about 90% of Japan’s coral reefs. However, the health of coral reefs around the Ryukyu Archipelago steadily deteriorates due hazardous chemical pollution from domestic, agricultural, industrial and shipping activities (Kitada et al., 2008; Sheikh et al., 2007; Tanabe et al., 2008), terrestrial run-off (Omija, 2004; Sakai, 2004; West and van Woesik, 2001), developmental projects (Nakano, 2004) and natural disturbance (Sano, 2001).Diuron,[N0-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-N, N-dimethyl-urea] is a photosystem II (PSII) herbicide derived from urea. It is considered a priority hazardous substance by the European Commission (Malato et al., 2002). Countries including the UK, Sweden, Denmark and France have restricted the use of diuron in antifouling paints (Konstantinou and Albanis, 2004; Giacomazzi and Cochet, 2004). In Japan, diuron has been extensively used in antifouling paints in shipping and agricultural activities (Okamura et al., 2003). In 2004 alone, around 11 tons of diuron was used for agricultural purposes in the Okinawa Prefecture, which was the highest amount of this toxic substance used in Japan outside of the Tokyo metropolitan region. In addition, the urban areas of Okinawa mainland, apply a significant amount of diuron as a weed control (Kitada, 2007).