Detection and avoidance of a carnivore odor by prey
Detection and avoidance of a carnivore odor by prey
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1103317108
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发表时间：
2011-07-05
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Liberles, Stephen D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ferrero, David M.;Lemon, Jamie K.;Liberles, Stephen D.
捕食者-被捕食者关系是研究动物先天行为的经典范式。食肉动物的气味会引起啮齿动物的刻板恐惧和回避反应，尽管所涉及的感觉机制在很大程度上是未知的。在这里，我们发现了一种由捕食者产生的化学物质，它激活了小鼠的嗅觉受体，并产生了先天的行为反应。我们从山猫尿中纯化了这种捕食者线索，并鉴定它是一种生物胺，2-苯乙胺。对38种哺乳动物物种的定量HPLC分析表明，许多食肉动物富集了2-苯乙胺的生产，其中一些生产量是所研究的食草动物的3，000倍以上。在小鼠嗅觉组织切片神经元反应的钙成像确定分散食肉动物气味选择性感觉神经元，也响应2-苯乙胺。两个猎物物种，大鼠和小鼠，避免2-苯乙胺气味源，和功能丧失的研究，涉及酶消耗2-苯乙胺从食肉动物的气味表明，它是需要充分的回避行为。因此，啮齿动物的嗅觉感觉神经元和化学感受器具有识别种间气味的能力。食肉动物产生的2-苯乙胺就是这样一个线索，它是食肉动物气味混合物的关键成分，可以触发啮齿动物大脑中的硬连线厌恶回路。这些数据显示了在环境中检测到的单一挥发性化学物质如何驱动哺乳动物复杂的与神经元相关的行为反应。
Predator-prey relationships provide a classic paradigm for the study of innate animal behavior. Odors from carnivores elicit stereotyped fear and avoidance responses in rodents, although sensory mechanisms involved are largely unknown. Here, we identified a chemical produced by predators that activates a mouse olfactory receptor and produces an innate behavioral response. We purified this predator cue from bobcat urine and identified it to be a biogenic amine, 2-phenylethylamine. Quantitative HPLC analysis across 38 mammalian species indicates enriched 2-phenylethylamine production by numerous carnivores, with some producing > 3,000-fold more than herbivores examined. Calcium imaging of neuronal responses in mouse olfactory tissue slices identified dispersed carnivore odor-selective sensory neurons that also responded to 2-phenylethylamine. Two prey species, rat and mouse, avoid a 2-phenylethylamine odor source, and loss-of-function studies involving enzymatic depletion of 2-phenylethylamine from a carnivore odor indicate it to be required for full avoidance behavior. Thus, rodent olfactory sensory neurons and chemosensory receptors have the capacity for recognizing interspecies odors. One such cue, carnivore-derived 2-phenylethylamine, is a key component of a predator odor blend that triggers hard-wired aversion circuits in the rodent brain. These data show how a single, volatile chemical detected in the environment can drive an elaborate danger-associated behavioral response in mammals.