Lessons from two high CO(2) worlds - future oceans and intensive aquaculture.
Lessons from two high CO(2) worlds - future oceans and intensive aquaculture.
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DOI：
10.1111/gcb.13515
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发表时间：
2017-06
影响因子：
11.6
通讯作者：
Wilson RW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ellis RP;Urbina MA;Wilson RW
CO 2 呈指数上升（目前约为 400 µatm）正在推动气候变化并导致海洋和淡水环境酸化。生理学家早就知道CO 2 直接影响水生动物的酸碱和离子调节、呼吸功能和有氧表现。最近，许多研究表明，预计到本世纪末 CO 2 升高（例如 800–1000 µatm）也会影响生理机能，并对与感官刺激（嗅觉、听觉和视觉）相关的行为产生重大影响，从而对健康和生存产生负面影响。相比之下，早在“海洋酸化”一词出现之前，水产养殖业养殖水生动物的 CO 2 水平就远远超过了本世纪末的气候变化预测（有时 >10 000 μatm），据报道，有害影响有限。因此，了解这种明显差异背后的原因至关重要。可能的解释包括 1) 在水产养殖研究中使用“控制”CO 2 水平，超出了海洋酸化背景下 2100 年的预测； 2）与野生相比，水产养殖的环境相对良好（食物丰富、疾病防护、没有捕食者）； 3) 水产养殖品种因其对集约化条件（包括CO 2 水平）的天然耐受性而被选择；或 4) 在集约化水产养殖中培育具有进一步选择的能够耐受较高 CO 2 的性状的物种。我们强调这个问题并概述了气候变化和水产养殖科学可以为海洋和淡水环境提供的见解。这两个领域的整合将激发对未来跨学科研究方向的讨论。本文旨在优化未来的研究工作，并阐明有效的缓解策略，以管理 CO 2 升高对未来水生生态系统以及鱼类和贝类水产养殖可持续性的负面影响。
Exponentially rising CO 2 (currently ~400 μatm) is driving climate change and causing acidification of both marine and freshwater environments. Physiologists have long known that CO 2 directly affects acid–base and ion regulation, respiratory function and aerobic performance in aquatic animals. More recently, many studies have demonstrated that elevated CO 2 projected for end of this century (e.g. 800–1000 μatm) can also impact physiology, and have substantial effects on behaviours linked to sensory stimuli (smell, hearing and vision) both having negative implications for fitness and survival. In contrast, the aquaculture industry was farming aquatic animals at CO 2 levels that far exceed end‐of‐century climate change projections (sometimes >10 000 μatm) long before the term ‘ocean acidification’ was coined, with limited detrimental effects reported. It is therefore vital to understand the reasons behind this apparent discrepancy. Potential explanations include 1) the use of ‘control’ CO 2 levels in aquaculture studies that go beyond 2100 projections in an ocean acidification context; 2) the relatively benign environment in aquaculture (abundant food, disease protection, absence of predators) compared to the wild; 3) aquaculture species having been chosen due to their natural tolerance to the intensive conditions, including CO 2 levels; or 4) the breeding of species within intensive aquaculture having further selected traits that confer tolerance to elevated CO 2. We highlight this issue and outline the insights that climate change and aquaculture science can offer for both marine and freshwater settings. Integrating these two fields will stimulate discussion on the direction of future cross‐disciplinary research. In doing so, this article aimed to optimize future research efforts and elucidate effective mitigation strategies for managing the negative impacts of elevated CO 2 on future aquatic ecosystems and the sustainability of fish and shellfish aquaculture.