What roles can scientists play in public discourse
What roles can scientists play in public discourse
复制标题
科学家在公共话语中可以扮演什么角色
DOI：
10.1029/2011eo160001
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Oppenheimer
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Oppenheimer
[1]科学家在公共竞技场中的有用和适当作用是什么？我们如何才能最好地区分专业知识和价值观或政治观点之间的界限，以及我们如何才能正确地荣誉这条界限？在接受我们的干预措施方面，我们可以期待什么？我们如何提高干预措施的效力？参与公共政策辩论是许多学科的科学家共同和公认的角色。在与公共卫生相关的科学中，专家们理所当然地会谈论他们的研究对公共政策的影响，无论是关于吸烟，饮食还是疾病传播。地球科学家在公共竞技场中发挥领导作用，并实际影响公共政策，这也是一个值得注意的记录。舍伍德罗兰和马里奥莫利纳在欧文市的加州大学化学系合作进行臭氧消耗研究，然后继续做出杰出的公共贡献，詹姆斯汉森也是如此（美国宇航局戈达德太空研究所）（首先在美国宇航局，然后在东英吉利大学）;当然，还有已故的斯蒂芬·施耐德（先是在美国国家大气研究中心，然后是斯坦福大学）对气候的研究。一些“公共”地球科学家将他们的活动限制在为更广泛的公众解释科学，而其他人则支持具体的政策倡议（见图1）。我坚信，公共话语的质量和政策制定者获得的信息更有利于他们的干预。
[1] What is a useful and proper role for scientists in the public arena? How can we best discriminate where the boundary lies between expert knowledge and values or political opinion, and how can we properly honor that line? What can we expect in the way of reception for our interventions, and how can we increase their efficacy? Involvement in public policy debates is a common and accepted role for scientists in many disciplines. In the sciences related to public health, it is taken for granted that experts will talk about the implications of their research for public policy, whether in regard to smoking, diet, or disease spread. There is also a remarkable track record of geoscientists taking a lead role in the public arena and actually affecting public policy—F. Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina collaborated on ozone depletion research at the Department of Chemistry at University of California, Irvine and then went on to make outstanding public contributions, as have James Hansen (at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies); Robert Watson (first at NASA, then at the University of East Anglia); and, of course, the late Stephen Schneider (first at the U.S. National Center for Atmospheric Research, then Stanford) on climate. Some “public” geoscientists have restricted their activities to interpreting science for the wider public, while others have endorsed specific policy initiatives (see Figure 1). I firmly believe that the quality of public discourse and the information reaching policy makers were better for their interventions.