Food fortification to reduce vitamin A deficiency: International vitamin A consultative group recommendations
Food fortification to reduce vitamin A deficiency: International vitamin A consultative group recommendations
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DOI：
10.1093/jn/132.9.2927s
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发表时间：
2002-09-01
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Mora, JO
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dary, O;Mora, JO
在发达国家，食品强化已证明是增加微量营养素供应和减少微量营养素缺乏后果的有效和低成本方法。它在发展中国家很少使用，但可以得出一般性结论。强化油和氢化油产品以及含有维生素A的谷物粉和膳食的生物功效，但不是有效性，已经得到证实。中美洲国家多年来一直在糖中添加维生素A，生物功效和计划有效性得到了很好的确立。证明了用维生素A强化谷氨酸盐的有效性，但尚未建立程序。在发展中国家，强化维生素A应满足某些成功要素。a）需要一种潜在的食物基质（一种经常食用的食物，由几个集中的工厂生产，与非强化的同等食物相比没有感觉上的变化，营养素保持生物可利用性并有足够的量）。B）强化食品应提供目标群体每日推荐摄入量的至少15%（例如，食用最低量强化食品的个人）。c）对加工食品的自愿强化应加以管制，以防止维生素A的过度消费。邻国应协调技术标准，促进合规，并尽量减少全球贸易法的冲突。（e）应建立切实可行的监测制度。（f）社会营销活动应是永久性的，并以工业、政府和消费者为目标。g）食品强化应与其他战略相结合（例如，补充剂），以达到那些没有充分覆盖的强化单独。婴幼儿的饮食习惯与成人不同，需要特别注意。强化食品是预防和控制维生素A缺乏症的一个非常有吸引力和经济的方法。有效的食物强化可能使产后妇女和年龄较大的儿童不需要补充。
In developed countries, food fortification has proven an effective and low-cost way to increase the micronutrient supply and reduce the consequences of micronutrient deficiencies. It has been rarely used in the developing world, but general conclusions can be drawn. The biological efficacy, but not the effectiveness, of fortifying oil and hydrogenated oil products as well as cereal flours and meals with vitamin A has been shown. Sugar has been fortified with vitamin A in Central American countries for years, and biological efficacy and program effectiveness are well established. Efficacy of fortifying monosodium glutamate with vitamin A was demonstrated but a program has not been established. Fortification with vitamin A in the developing world should satisfy certain elements for success. a) A potential food matrix (a food regularly consumed, produced by a few centralized factories, without sensorial changes compared with the nonfortified equivalent, and nutrient remains bioavailable and in a sufficient amount) is required. b) Fortified foods should provide at least 15% of the recommended daily intakes for the target group (e.g., individuals consuming the lowest amount of the fortified food). c) Voluntary fortification of processed foods should be regulated to prevent excessive consumption of vitamin A. d) Neighboring countries should harmonize technical standards, facilitate compliance and minimize conflicts over global trade laws. e) A practical monitoring system should be instituted. f) Social marketing activities should be permanent and aimed at industry, government and consumers. g) Food fortification should be combined with other strategies (e.g., supplementation) to reach those not adequately covered by fortification alone. Infants and small children, whose dietary habits differ from those of adults, require special attention. Fortification of food commodities is a very attractive and economic way to prevent and control vitamin A deficiency. Effective food fortification might make supplementation of postpartum women and older children unnecessary.