Complex Visual Adaptations in Squid for Specific Tasks in Different Environments.
Complex Visual Adaptations in Squid for Specific Tasks in Different Environments.
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DOI：
10.3389/fphys.2017.00105
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发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Marshall NJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chung WS;Marshall NJ
与它们的主要竞争对手一样，鱼，鱿鱼是快速移动的视觉掠食者，生活在海洋深处。鱿鱼和鱼类在光学特性、受体及其潜在的神经回路方面都表现出各种适应性，这些适应性往往与其特定生态位的光照条件有关。相反，在鱼的适应性策略的广泛调查，视觉响应不同的数量和质量的可用光，我们的知识在鱿鱼的视觉适应仍然稀疏。因此，本研究对在0至1 200米之间收集的一些鱿鱼物种的视觉适应和能力进行了比较研究。组织学，磁共振成像（MRI）和深度分布被用来比较大脑，眼睛和视觉能力，揭示了鱿鱼眼睛的设计反映了生活方式和视觉系统神经结构的多功能性。管状眼和两种类型的区域视网膜变形被确定，这些眼睛的修改是密切相关的特定方向的视觉任务。此外，常规组织学和免疫组织学的结合显示，在两种中层水鱿鱼物种中，有一种新形式的复杂视网膜，具有两个内节层，它们有节奏地在很大的深度范围内（50- 1 000米）移动。与生活在中上层（50-400 m）的正常单层内段视网膜的亲属相比，新形式的视网膜中间神经元层表明这两种长距离垂直迁移者的视觉灵敏度可能会增加以响应较暗的环境。
In common with their major competitors, the fish, squid are fast moving visual predators that live over a great range of depths in the ocean. Both squid and fish show a variety of adaptations with respect to optical properties, receptors and their underlying neural circuits, and these adaptations are often linked to the light conditions of their specific niche. In contrast to the extensive investigations of adaptive strategies in fish, vision in response to the varying quantity and quality of available light, our knowledge of visual adaptations in squid remains sparse. This study therefore undertook a comparative study of visual adaptations and capabilities in a number of squid species collected between 0 and 1,200 m. Histology, magnetic resonance imagery (MRI), and depth distributions were used to compare brains, eyes, and visual capabilities, revealing that the squid eye designs reflect the lifestyle and the versatility of neural architecture in its visual system. Tubular eyes and two types of regional retinal deformation were identified and these eye modifications are strongly associated with specific directional visual tasks. In addition, a combination of conventional and immuno-histology demonstrated a new form of a complex retina possessing two inner segment layers in two mid-water squid species which they rhythmically move across a broad range of depths (50–1,000 m). In contrast to their relatives with the regular single-layered inner segment retina live in the upper mesopelagic layer (50–400 m), the new form of retinal interneuronal layers suggests that the visual sensitivity of these two long distance vertical migrants may increase in response to dimmer environments.