The international logistics of wood pellets for heating and power production in Europe: Costs, energy‐input and greenhouse gas balances of pellet consumption in Italy, Sweden and the Netherlands
The international logistics of wood pellets for heating and power production in Europe: Costs, energy‐input and greenhouse gas balances of pellet consumption in Italy, Sweden and the Netherlands
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欧洲供热和发电用木屑颗粒的国际物流：意大利、瑞典和荷兰颗粒消耗的成本、能源输入和温室气体平衡
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发表时间：
2010
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
A. Faaij
中科院分区：
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作者：
R. Sikkema;M. Junginger;W. Pichler;S. Hayes;A. Faaij
欧洲木球市场正在蓬勃发展：对气候变化和可再生能源目标的担忧是主要驱动因素。这一分析的目的是比较从锯木厂购买原料到将木质颗粒转化为热能或电力的典型木质颗粒链。回顾了成本结构、一次能源投入和避免的温室气体(GHG)排放。定义了三种情况：瑞典用于区域供暖的球团(替代重燃料油)；意大利用于住宅供暖的袋装球团(天然气)；以及荷兰用于发电的加拿大球团(煤炭)。每吨运送的球团矿的供应成本可能为110-170欧元，主要成本因素是原料收集、干燥和长途海运(仅限于加拿大球团矿)。避免排放量最大的是发电(1937千克二氧化碳当量/吨颗粒)，其次是区域供暖(1483千克)。相对而言，温室气体减少量由住宅供暖(使用预干原料)的81%至卫生署的97%不等。基于820万吨的木质颗粒消费量，欧盟27国加上挪威和瑞士在2008年避免了约1260万吨二氧化碳排放。总而言之，木质颗粒可以实现大量的温室气体减排，特别是在用煤炭替代电力生产时。然而，木质颗粒相对昂贵，特别是与煤炭相比。只有在油价高企的情况下，取暖油才有商业上的可行性。在大多数其他情况下，只有在各国政府提供财政支持的情况下，才有可能进行替代，例如，上网电价或碳税。二氧化碳排放权的商业市场可能会支付一些成本，但其影响仍然有限。版权所有(C)2010化学工业协会和John Wiley&Sons，Ltd.
The European wood pellet market is booming: concerns about climate change and renewable energy targets are predominant drivers. The aim of this analysis is to compare typical wood pellet chains from the purchase of the feedstock from sawmills to the conversion into heat or electricity. Cost structures, primary energy inputs and avoided greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are reviewed. Three cases are defined: pellets for district heating (DH) in Sweden (replacing heavy fuel oil); bagged pellets for residential heating in Italy (natural gas); and Canadian pellets for electricity production in the Netherlands (coal). Supply may cost €110–€170 per tonne of delivered pellets, with the main cost factors being feedstock collection, drying and long‐distance ocean transportation (for Canadian pellets only). Largest avoided emissions are for power production (1937 kg CO2eq/tonne of pellets), followed by district heating (1483 kg). In relative terms, the GHG reduction varies from 81% for residential heating (with pre‐dried feedstock) to 97% for DH. Based on a wood‐pellet consumption of 8.2 million tonnes, the EU27 plus Norway and Switzerland avoided about 12.6 million tonnes of CO2 emissions in 2008. Concluding, wood pellets can achieve substantial GHG savings, especially when substituting coal for power production. However, wood pellets are relatively expensive, especially compared to coal. Only in the case of high oil prices, can the substitution of heating oil for DH be commercially viable. In most other cases, substitution is only possible with financial support from national governments, for example, feed‐in tariffs or carbon taxes. The commercial markets for CO2 emission rights may cover some costs, but their impact is still limited. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd