Alternative genetic code for amino acids and transfer RNA revisited.
Alternative genetic code for amino acids and transfer RNA revisited.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1515/bmc-2013-0002
复制
发表时间：
2013-06-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Kanai, Akio
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hamashima, Kiyofumi;Kanai, Akio
遗传密码在所有生物中高度保守，其进化被认为是严格有限的。然而，越来越多的研究报道了原核和真核基因组中的非标准编码。这些与标准编码的偏差大部分可归因于与例如密码子/反密码子碱基配对和tRNA/氨酰-tRNA合成酶识别相关的tRNA变化。本文主要介绍了在遗传密码翻译过程中起关键作用的tRNA，并对近年来发表的关于tRNA进化分化的研究成果进行了综述。令人惊讶的是，虽然高等真核生物，如线虫（蠕虫），利用标准的遗传密码，新发现的线虫特异性tRNA（nev-tRNA）翻译核苷酸的方式，超越了代码。此外，除了翻译遗传密码外，tRNA的各种其他功能也迅速出现。我们还回顾了这些有趣的新方面的tRNA，这对翻译控制，RNA沉默，抗生素抗性，RNA生物合成和转录调控有潜在的影响。
The genetic code is highly conserved among all organisms and its evolution is thought to be strictly limited. However, an increasing number of studies have reported non-standard codes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes. Most of these deviations from the standard code are attributable to tRNA changes relating to, for example, codon/anticodon base pairing and tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase recognition. In this review, we focus on tRNA, a key molecule in the translation of the genetic code, and summarize the most recently published information on the evolutionary divergence of the tRNAs. Surprisingly, although higher eukaryotes, such as the nematode (worm), utilize the standard genetic code, newly identified nematode-specific tRNAs (nev-tRNAs) translate nucleotides in a manner that transgresses the code. Furthermore, a variety of additional functions of tRNAs, beyond their translation of the genetic code, have emerged rapidly. We also review these intriguing new aspects of tRNA, which have potential impacts on translational control, RNA silencing, antibiotic resistance, RNA biosynthesis, and transcriptional regulation.