A study of how individuals solve complex and ill-structured problems
A study of how individuals solve complex and ill-structured problems
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研究个人如何解决复杂且结构不良的问题
DOI：
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发表时间：
1999
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
H. Simon
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ronald Fernandes;H. Simon
许多因素导致个人使用不同的策略来解决问题。本文提出了一种方法来检查这些差异的战略。口头协议被引出来收集关于问题解决过程中发生的认知过程的数据。这些数据，编入命题表示，和非参数统计比较，然后用来评估战略差异的意义。这些策略，然后映射与动态图，我们检查的任务无关和特定任务的认知表征的参与者使用。作为一个说明性的例子，我们采用这种方法来研究两个因素，专业培训和国家文化，对专业人员采取的战略，以解决一个复杂的和结构不良的问题（饥饿在一个国家）的影响。来自不同国家的专业人士的问题解决策略，并在建筑，工程，法律或医学培训进行了分析，显示一些有趣的差异，在一般的策略，属于不同的专业人士，并使用这些策略的结果。
A number of factors cause individuals to use diverse strategies to solve problems. This paper presents a methodology for examining these differences in strategy. Verbal protocols are elicited to collect data on the cognitive processes occurring during problem solving. These data, codified into propositional representations, and non-parametric statistical comparisons are then used to evaluate the significance of strategy differences. These strategies are then mapped with dynamical graphs, with which we examine the task-independent and the task-specific cognitive representations the participants used. As an illustrative example we apply this methodology to study the influence of two contributing factors, professional training and national culture, on the strategies adopted by professionals to solve a complex and ill-structured problem (hunger in a country). The problem-solving strategies of professionals from different countries and trained in architecture, engineering, law or medicine are analyzed to show some intriguing differences in the general strategies adopted by individuals belonging to different professions, and the outcomes from using these strategies.