Silica Gel as a Microbiological Medium
Silica Gel as a Microbiological Medium
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DOI：
10.1128/am.2.1.5-8.1954
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发表时间：
1954-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Kingsbury;E. Barghoorn
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Kingsbury;E. Barghoorn
巴斯德（1862）首先提出微生物参与了土壤中氨向硝酸盐的转化。Schl6sing和Muntz（1887）进行了一个经典的实验，将氨（以污水的形式）滴入土壤柱的顶部，并从底部除去硝酸盐。由此产生的硝化作用被证明是通过活生物体的作用引起的，但试图在纯培养中分离生物体失败了。维诺格拉茨基（Winogradsky，1890 a，B）将注意力转向硝化过程，经过大量努力，他认为通过在完全无机的培养基上厌氧培养，获得了一种纯培养物。在明胶上获得菌落的努力失败后，他通过使用硅胶获得了培养物，其生物学应用首先由Roberts（1868）注意到，并首先由Kuhne（1890）使用。Winogradsky（1891）终于能够鉴定硝化细菌并研究它们的代谢活动。早期硅胶制备中采用的基本技术是将硅酸钠或硅酸钾水溶液加入盐酸（等体积）中，然后通过羊皮纸透析，直到透析液中没有氯离子的痕迹。所得溶液对灭菌稳定，并可通过加入一滴浓氯化钠溶液在平板中固化。营养素是通过扩散添加的。Omeliansky（1899）、Bojanovsky（1925）和Boltjes（1935）给出了这种技术的使用和一般评论。由于”平板凝胶”法明显更简单，Kuhne（1890）首先在其要点中描述了这种方法，Beijerinck（1904）首次用于微生物目的，此后Stevens和Temple（1908）、Doryland（1916）、Winogradsky（1925）Waksman和卡里（1926），Styer（1930），Hanks和Weintraub（1936），经过各种修改，已被更广泛地使用。该方法主要包括
Pasteur (1862) first suggested that microorganisms were involved in the conversion of ammonia to nitrate in the soil. Schl6sing and Muntz (1887) performed the classic experiment in which ammonia (in the formof sewage) was dripped into the top of a column of soil and nitrate removed at the bottom. The resulting nitrification was shown to have been brought about through the action of living organisms, but attempts to isolate the organism in pure culture failed. Winogradsky (1890a, b) turned his attention to the nitrification process and secured, after much effort, what he believed to be a pure culture of the organism responsible by growing it anaerobically on a completely inorganic medium. After negative efforts to obtain colonies on gelatin he obtained cultures by the use of a silica gel, the biological application of which was first noted by Roberts (1868) and first used by Kuhne (1890). Winogradsky (1891) was finally able to identify the nitrifying bacteria and study their metabolicactivities. The basic technique employed in the early silica gel preparations was the addition of aqueous sodium or potassium silicate solution to hydrochloric acid (equal volumes), followed by dialysis through parchment until there was no trace of chloride ion in the dialysate. The resulting solution was stable to sterilization and could be solidified in the plate through theaddition of a drop of concentrated sodium chloridesolution. Nutrients were added by diffusion. The use and general review of this technique are given by Omeliansky (1899), Bojanovsky (1925), and Boltjes (1935).Because of its apparent greater simplicity the" gel-in-plate" method, first described in its essentials by Kuhne (1890), and first used for microbiological purposes by Beijerinck (1904) and since used or referred to by Stevens and Temple (1908), Doryland (1916), Winogradsky (1925), Waksman and Cary (1926), Styer (1930), and Hanks and Weintraub (1936), withvarious modifications has been more extensively employed. This method consists essentially