Maternal, delivery, and perinatal characteristics associated with cryptorchidism: A population-based case-control study among births in Washington State
Maternal, delivery, and perinatal characteristics associated with cryptorchidism: A population-based case-control study among births in Washington State
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DOI：
10.1097/00001648-200203000-00015
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发表时间：
2002-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
Critchlow, CW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Biggs, ML;Baer, A;Critchlow, CW
背景。隐睾的病因在很大程度上是未知的。为了确定与出生时隐睾相关的产妇、围产期和分娩特征，我们使用华盛顿州出生证明和出生住院记录进行了一项基于人群的病例对照研究。我们在1986-1996年期间在华盛顿州出生的男性婴儿中发现了2395例隐睾症，为了进行比较，我们随机选择每个病例4例对照（N = 9580），频率与出生年份相匹配。与隐睾相关的婴儿特征包括低出生体重（OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.3-1.8）、胎龄小（OR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.6-2.2）和臀位（OR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.4-2.1）。除了隐睾，病例更可能有其他类型的先天性畸形（OR = 3.7; 95% CI = 3.2-4.2），特别是消化系统（OR = 6.8; 95% CI = 3.7-12.7）或泌尿生殖系统（OR = 4.1; 95% CI = 3.0-5.6）。与隐睾相关的孕产妇和妊娠特征包括无产（OR = 1.2; 95% CI = 1.1-1.3）、孕期孕产妇吸烟（OR = 1.2; 95% CI = 1.1-1.4）以及以下妊娠并发症：羊水过少（OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.3-2.6）、胎盘异常（OR = 1.3; 95% CI = 1.0-1.8）和妊娠高血压（OR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.4-1.9）。当分析仅限于足月婴儿时，优势比相似。这些发现提示影响胎儿生长发育的因素可能会增加隐睾的风险。
Background. The etiology of cryptorchidism is largely unknown. To identify maternal, perinatal, and delivery characteristics associated with cryptorchidism at birth, we conducted a population-based case-control study using Washington State birth certificates linked to birth hospitalization records.Methods. We identified 2,395 cases of cryptorchidism among male infants born in Washington State during 1986-1996, and, for comparison, we randomly selected four controls per case (N = 9,580), frequency-matched by year of birth.Results. Infant characteristics associated with cryptorchidism included low birth weight (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.3-1.8), small size for gestational age (OR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.6-2.2), and breech presentation (OR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.4-2.1). In addition to cryptorchidism, cases were more likely to have another type of congenital malformation (OR = 3.7; 95% CI = 3.2-4.2), particularly digestive (OR = 6.8; 95% CI = 3.7-12.7) or genitourinary (OR = 4.1; 95% CI = 3.0-5.6). Maternal and pregnancy characteristics associated with cryptorchidism included nulliparity (OR = 1.2; 95% CI = 1.1-1.3), maternal smoking during pregnancy (OR = 1.2; 95% CI = 1.1-1.4), and the following pregnancy complications: oligohydramnios (OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.3-2.6), placental abnormality (OR = 1.3; 95% CI = 1.0-1.8), and pregnancy-induced hypertension (OR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.4-1.9). Odds ratios were similar when the analysis was restricted to term infants.Conclusions. These findings suggest that factors affecting fetal growth and development may increase the risk of cryptorchidism.