Distinguishing intentional from accidental actions in orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and human children (Homo sapiens)
Distinguishing intentional from accidental actions in orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and human children (Homo sapiens)
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DOI：
10.1037/0735-7036.112.2.192
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发表时间：
1998-06-01
影响因子：
1.4
通讯作者：
Tomasello, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Call, J;Tomasello, M
本研究调查了2岁和3岁的儿童，黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）和猩猩（Pongo pygmaeus）对他人意图的理解。在训练过程中，受试者学会了使用判别线索来选择一个诱饵盒。在测试过程中，实验者在诱饵盒的顶部放置一个标记，以告知受试者奖励的位置。然而，实验者也意外地将标记物掉在没有诱饵的盒子上，因此在任何给定的试验中，实验者标记了2个盒子，1个是故意的，1个是意外的。所有3个物种都优先选择实验者有意标记的盒子（特别是在最初的试验中），3岁的儿童呈现出最稳健的结果。这些发现表明，受试者对实验者的意图有所了解。作者推测，在个体发育和系统发育水平上，对他人意图的理解可能先于对他人信仰的理解。
This study investigates the understanding of others' intentions in 2- and 3-year-old children, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). During training, subjects learned to use a discriminative cue to select a baited box. During testing, the experimenter placed a marker on top of the baited box to inform the subject of the reward's location. However, the experimenter also accidentally dropped the marker on top of an unbaited box, so that during any given trial the experimenter marked 2 boxes, 1 intentionally and 1 accidentally. All 3 species preferentially selected the box the experimenter had marked intentionally (especially during the initial trials), with 3-year-old children presenting the most robust results. These findings suggest that subjects understood something about the experimenter's intentions. The authors speculate that understanding of others' intentions may precede the understanding of others' beliefs both at the ontogenetic and phylogenetic levels.