Biochar and Manure Affect Calcareous Soil and Corn Silage Nutrient Concentrations and Uptake
Biochar and Manure Affect Calcareous Soil and Corn Silage Nutrient Concentrations and Uptake
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DOI：
10.2134/jeq2011.0126
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发表时间：
2012-07-01
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Ippolito, J. A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Lentz, R. D.;Ippolito, J. A.
生物质热解产生的富含碳的生物炭可以隔离大气中的二氧化碳，减缓气候变化，并有可能提高作物生产率。然而，还需要研究来确认生物炭应用于不同土壤的适宜性和可持续性。在灌溉的石灰性土壤上，我们使用储存的牛粪(42 mg ha(-1)干重量)和硬木衍生的生物炭(22.4 mg ha(-1))，单独和与有机肥结合，以及对照，产生了四个处理。所有地块和年份都在需要的时候(根据季前土壤测试氮素和作物需求)施用氮肥，通过添加有机肥矿化的氮素也包括在这一决定中。每年对土壤速效养分(NH4-N、NO3-N、Olsen P和二乙三胺五乙酸钾、镁、钠、铜、锰、锌、铁)、总碳(TC)、总氮(TN)、总有机碳(TOC)和pH进行评价，并在两个生长季节测定青贮玉米的养分浓度、产量和吸收。与对照相比，生物炭处理使土壤有效锰增加1.5倍，总有机碳增加1.4倍，而有机肥产生的有效养分(除铁外)增加1.2~1.7倍。2009年，生物炭提高了玉米青贮料B的浓度，但产量没有增加；2010年，与对照相比，生物炭降低了玉米青贮料的总氮(33%)、S(7%)浓度和产量(36%)。2010年施有机肥的玉米青贮料中铜、锰、S、镁、钾和全氮的含量和产量比对照增加1.3倍。除土壤有效锰外，生物炭肥与有机肥的组合效应不具有协同效应。在这些石灰性土壤中，生物炭不会改变pH或磷和阳离子的有效性，这在酸性土壤中通常是观察到的。如果第二年的结果具有代表性，他们建议在石灰性土壤上应用生物炭可能会导致氮素有效性降低，需要额外的土壤氮素投入来维持产量目标。
Carbon-rich biochar derived from the pyrolysis of biomass can sequester atmospheric CO2, mitigate climate change, and potentially increase crop productivity. However, research is needed to confirm the suitability and sustainability of biochar application to different soils. To an irrigated calcareous soil, we applied stockpiled dairy manure (42 Mg ha(-1) dry wt) and hardwood-derived biochar (22.4 Mg ha(-1)), singly and in combination with manure, along with a control, yielding four treatments. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied when needed (based on preseason soil test N and crop requirements) in all plots and years, with N mineralized from added manure included in this determination. Available soil nutrients (NH4-N; NO3-N; Olsen P; and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-extractable K, Mg, Na, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Fe), total C (TC), total N (TN), total organic C (TOC), and pH were evaluated annually, and silage corn nutrient concentration, yield, and uptake were measured over two growing seasons. Biochar treatment resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in available soil Mn and a 1.4-fold increase in TC and TOC, whereas manure produced a 1.2-to 1.7-fold increase in available nutrients (except Fe), compared with controls. In 2009 biochar increased corn silage B concentration but produced no yield increase; in 2010 biochar decreased corn silage TN (33%), S (7%) concentrations, and yield (36%) relative to controls. Manure produced a 1.3-fold increase in corn silage Cu, Mn, S, Mg, K, and TN concentrations and yield compared with the control in 2010. The combined biochar-manure effects were not synergistic except in the case of available soil Mn. In these calcareous soils, biochar did not alter pH or availability of P and cations, as is typically observed for acidic soils. If the second year results are representative, they suggest that biochar applications to calcareous soils may lead to reduced N availability, requiring additional soil N inputs to maintain yield targets.