The history of the peat manufacturing industry in The Netherlands: peat moss litter and active carbon
The history of the peat manufacturing industry in The Netherlands: peat moss litter and active carbon
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荷兰泥炭制造业的历史：泥炭苔垫料和活性炭
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发表时间：
2015
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通讯作者：
G. D. Vries
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作者：
E. Karel;Michiel Gerding;G. D. Vries
本文描述了自19世纪最后25年以来荷兰制造业泥炭加工的三种主要形式的发展。当作为燃料的泥炭逐渐被煤所取代时，第一种形式是泥炭苔藓凋落物工业。泥炭苔藓凋落物是由白色泥炭制成的，这些泥炭主要在位于德伦特省东南部沼泽地区的工厂中研磨和筛选。它是马和牛最好的寝具。从1921年起，工业泥炭加工的第二种形式是制造由黑泥炭制成的活性炭。普里特（Norit）工厂，现在是卡伯特公司的一部分，仍然是唯一一个使用泥炭作为原材料的活性炭工厂。泥炭加工的第三种形式是生产园林泥炭和盆栽土。这在世界各地的泥炭地区仍然是一种普遍的活动。从19世纪80年代到第一次世界大战结束后不久，泥炭苔藓凋落物产业蓬勃发展。马车在欧洲所有主要城市的出现，造成了对动物床上用品的巨大需求，以供电车公司的大马厩使用。泥炭苔藓凋落物比秸秆更清洁、更健康、更容易处理。军队也有类似的需求，在第一次世界大战期间，军队使用了数百万匹马。由于机动车辆的发展，泥炭市场在战后崩溃，这使该行业陷入了长期的危机，直到20世纪50年代泥炭被发现是一种适合园艺的生长介质才得以克服。泥炭地的生活和工作条件恶劣，收入不稳定，劳动者的权利有限。泥炭制造业是第一个引入集体劳动协议、医疗福利和养老金计划的行业。尽管如此，大规模的失业、贫困和迁移到其他地区的必要性清楚地表明，除了少数劳动者之外，泥炭时代已经结束。
This article describes the development of three major forms of peat processing by the manufacturing industry in The Netherlands since the last quarter of the 19th century. At a time when peat as a fuel was gradually being replaced by coal, the first form was the peat moss litter industry. Peat moss litter was made from white peat that was ground and sieved in factories which were located mainly in bog areas in the south-east of the province of Drenthe. It served as excellent bedding for horses and cattle. The second form of industrial peat processing was the manufacture, from 1921 onwards, of active carbon made from black peat. The Purit (Norit) factory, now part of the Cabot Corporation, is still the only active carbon factory using peat as a raw material. The third form of peat processing was the production of garden peat and potting soil. This is still a widespread activity in peat areas all over the world. The peat moss litter industry thrived from the 1880s until shortly after the First World War. The arrival of the horse-drawn tram in all of the major cities of Europe created a great demand for animal bedding to be used in the vast stables of the tramway companies. Peat moss litter was cleaner, healthier and easier to handle than straw. There was similar demand from the armies, which used millions of horses during the First World War. Owing to the development of motorised vehicles, the peat market collapsed after the war and this plunged the industry into a prolonged crisis which was not overcome until peat was found to be a suitable growing medium for horticulture in the 1950s. Living and working conditions in peatlands were harsh, earnings irregular and labourers’ rights limited. The peat manufacturing industry was the first to introduce collective labour agreements, medical benefits and pension plans. Nonetheless massive unemployment, poverty and the necessity to migrate to other parts of the country were clear signs that the era of peat was over for all but a handful of labourers.