From spontaneous motor activity to coordinated behaviour: a developmental model.
From spontaneous motor activity to coordinated behaviour: a developmental model.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003653
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发表时间：
2014-07
影响因子：
4.3
通讯作者：
Iida F
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Marques HG;Bharadwaj A;Iida F
在哺乳动物中，将胎儿阶段观察到的主要行为与成年动物观察到的全面羽翼行为联系起来的发育路径仍然超出了我们的理解。通常，运动控制理论试图以抽象和模块化的方式处理增量学习过程，而不是与哺乳动物的发育阶段建立任何对应关系。在这篇文章中，我们提出了一个计算模型，它将出现在三个不同发展阶段的三个不同行为联系起来。按照出现的顺序，这些行为是：自发运动活动(SMA)、反射和协调行为，如运动。我们模型的目标是解决目前难以在体内验证的四个假说：第一，脊髓反射电路可以从SMA诱导的传感器和运动活动中自组织的假说。第二，假设棘上系统可以调节反射回路以实现协调行为。第三，假设，由于SMA在生物体的整个生命周期中都被观察到，它提供了一种适合于保持反射电路与肌肉骨骼系统对齐的机制，从而适应身体形态的变化。第四，假设通过随着时间的推移改变反射回路的调制，一个人可以在不同的协调行为之间切换。我们的模型在一条模拟的肌肉骨骼腿上进行了测试，该腿由六块肌肉以多种不同的方式排列。跳跃被用作协调行为的案例研究。我们的结果表明，反射电路可以从SMA中自组织，并且一旦这些电路就位，它们可以被调制以实现协调行为。此外，我们的结果表明，我们的模型可以自然地适应不同的形态变化，并执行行为转换。哺乳动物表现出令人着迷的行为熟练程度，考虑到需要持续协调的肌肉数量，这是一个显著的特征。在上个世纪，理解导致这种水平表现的过程一直是许多研究人员的主要关注点，但到目前为止，还没有建立一个全面的模型。从理论的角度来看，我们认为理解哺乳动物行为的一个关键因素在于发生在早期发育过程中。在这个阶段，关于肌肉骨骼系统结构的大量信息被储存在神经回路中。我们认为，这一信息对于实现协调一致的行为至关重要。在这篇文章中，我们提出了一个模型，该模型将哺乳动物发育不同阶段出现的三种行为联系起来。按照出现的顺序，这些行为是：自发运动活动，脊椎反射和协调行为。我们的模型表明，由自发运动活动引起的传感器和运动活动足以自组织脊髓反射。这些回路包含了肌肉骨骼系统中发生的肌肉相互作用的核心知识。此外，我们的模型表明，协调行为可以简单地通过调制反射电路来实现。
In mammals, the developmental path that links the primary behaviours observed during foetal stages to the full fledged behaviours observed in adults is still beyond our understanding. Often theories of motor control try to deal with the process of incremental learning in an abstract and modular way without establishing any correspondence with the mammalian developmental stages. In this paper, we propose a computational model that links three distinct behaviours which appear at three different stages of development. In order of appearance, these behaviours are: spontaneous motor activity (SMA), reflexes, and coordinated behaviours, such as locomotion. The goal of our model is to address in silico four hypotheses that are currently hard to verify in vivo: First, the hypothesis that spinal reflex circuits can be self-organized from the sensor and motor activity induced by SMA. Second, the hypothesis that supraspinal systems can modulate reflex circuits to achieve coordinated behaviour. Third, the hypothesis that, since SMA is observed in an organism throughout its entire lifetime, it provides a mechanism suitable to maintain the reflex circuits aligned with the musculoskeletal system, and thus adapt to changes in body morphology. And fourth, the hypothesis that by changing the modulation of the reflex circuits over time, one can switch between different coordinated behaviours. Our model is tested in a simulated musculoskeletal leg actuated by six muscles arranged in a number of different ways. Hopping is used as a case study of coordinated behaviour. Our results show that reflex circuits can be self-organized from SMA, and that, once these circuits are in place, they can be modulated to achieve coordinated behaviour. In addition, our results show that our model can naturally adapt to different morphological changes and perform behavioural transitions. Mammals display a fascinating behavioural proficiency, which is a remarkable feature given the number of muscles that need to be continuously coordinated. Understanding the processes that give rise to this level of performance has been the main focus of many researchers during the last century, but until now a comprehensive model is yet to be established. From a theoretical point of view, we believe that a key element to understanding mammalian behaviour lies in processes that occur during early development. During this stage, a great deal of information is laid down in neural circuits about the structure of the musculoskeletal system. We believe that this information is essential to achieve coordinated behaviour. In this paper, we propose a model that links three behaviours that appear at different stages of mammalian development. In order of appearance these behaviours are: spontaneous motor activity, spinal reflexes, and coordinated behaviours. Our model shows that the sensor and motor activity induced by spontaneous motor activity is sufficient to self-organize spinal reflexes. These circuits enclose core knowledge about the muscle interactions occurring in the musculoskeletal system. In addition, our model shows that coordinated behaviour can then be achieved simply by modulating the reflex circuits.
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